4. Show the cross between a star-eyed and a circle eyed. What are the phenotypes of the offspring? What are the genotypes?
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1 Section: 3.6 Opening Activity: Name: Latin Root Word: Review of Old Information: Incomplete Dominance or Codominance? a)birds can be blue, white, or white with blue-tipped feathers. b) Flowers can be white, pink, or red. c) A Hoo can have curly hair, spiked hair, or a mix of both curly and spiked. d) A Sneech can be tall, medium, or short. 3. In Smileys, eye shape can be starred, circular, or a circle with a star. Write the genotypes for the pictured phenotypes 4. Show the cross between a star-eyed and a circle eyed. What are the phenotypes of the offspring? What are the genotypes? 6. A man with type AB blood is married to a woman with type O blood. What are all the possible blood types of their children? New Information: I. Sex determination i. Remember, during meiosis all chromosomes are split and each cell gets one half of a homologous pair. 1. You get half your father s chromosomes and half of your mothers. ii. This is also how it works with sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes for humans are. 1. Female genotype is 2. Male genotype is
2 Human inheritance patterns are significantly MORE complex than that of a fruit fly. Complete the table below making sure that each inheritance pattern is defined and has an example. Inheritance Pattern Description Trait or Disorder Influenced Dominant: Multiple-allele Traits X-Linked Traits Sex Influenced Trait More than 200 traits are controlled by the autosomal dominant condition and more than 250 traits by the autosomal recessive; the single allele of a gene codes for the single trait. Traits where three or more alleles (characteristics) of the SAME gene code for a single trait. Traits or characteristics that are controlled by more than one gene. Huntington s Disease, Dwarfism, Cataracts Recessive: Albinism, Cystic Fibrosis Colorblindness, Hemophilia, Muscular Dystrophy Baldness Nondisjunction Activity: Part 1: Sex-Linkage Complete the questions using the instructions below: As many of you know boys are different than girls. In humans sex is determined by the twenty-third pair of chromosomes known as sex chromosomes. If you have two X-shaped (XX) chromosomes you are destined to be a female. If you have an X and a Y-shaped (XY) chromosomes, you are destined to be a male. Since the X and Y chromosomes carry different information, any genes found on the X chromosomes are referred to as sex-linked genes. Therefore, women will have two alleles for these genes because they have two (XX) chromosomes. On the other hand, men have only one allele for each of these genes because they have only one X chromosome (XY). Sample Problem: In fruit flies, the gene for eye color is carried on the X chromosome which is a sex chromosome (sex-linked). The allele for red eyes is dominant over the allele for white eyes. If a white-eyed female fruit fly is mated with a red-eyed male, predict the possible offspring. 1. Since the female has white eyes, she must be X r X r. The male is red-eyed and because he has only one X chromosome, he has only one allele for eye color. His eyes are red so he must be RY. means he only has one allele for eye color, so he must be X R Y. Since the allele R is present on the X chromosome only, and there is no other allele for eye color because the male other sex chromosome is a Y chromosome. 2. For sex-linked traits we need to list the genotype in a different fashion. We must identify the individual as being male or female according to their sex chromosomes. Females are XX, and males are XY. Sex-linked traits are only found on the X chromosome, therefore the letters are placed as superscripts (above) the X chromosome. Therefore the genotype for the female fly is X r X r and the male is X R Y. You can use shorthand notation rr x RY, but sometimes this can be confusing.
3 3. The Punnett square for the parent flies are shown below. X R X r X R X r X r Y X r X R X r X r Y Y 4. The genotypic ratio is 1 X R X r : 1 X r Y 5. The individual X R X r will be a female because she has two X chromosomes. She will have red eyes because she has Rr. The individual with X r Y will be a male because he has the X and Y chromosomes. He will have white eyes because he has only one allele and it is r. So from this cross you would expect all of the females to have red eyes and all of the males to have white eyes. Complete the following problem below: 1. Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. A person with hemophilia is lacking certain proteins that are necessary for normal blood clotting. Hemophilia is caused by a recessive allele so use N for normal and n for hemophilia. Since hemophilia is sex-linked, remember a woman will have two alleles (NN or Nn or nn) but a man will have only one allele (N or n). A woman who is heterozygous (a carrier) for hemophilia marries a normal man: a. What are the genotypes of the parents? b. Make a Punnett square for the above cross. Genetics - X Linked Genes **In fruit flies, eye color is a sex linked trait. Red is dominant to white.** 1. What are the sexes and eye colors of flies with the following genotypes? X R X r X R Y X r X r X R X R X r Y 2. What are the genotypes of these flies: white eyed, male red eyed female (heterozygous) white eyed, female red eyed, male 3. Show the cross of a white eyed female X r X r with a red-eyed male X R Y.
4 4. Show a cross between a pure red eyed female and a white eyed male. What are the genotypes of the parents: and How many are: white eyed, male white eyed, female red eyed, male red eyed, female 5. Show the cross of a red eyed female (heterozygous) and a red eyed male. What are the genotypes of the parents? & How many are: white eyed, male white eyed, female red eyed, male red eyed, female Math: What if in the above cross, 100 males were produced and 200 females. How many total red-eyed flies would there be? 6. In humans, hemophilia is a sex linked trait. Females can be normal, carriers, or have the disease. Males will either have the disease or not (but they won t ever be carriers) X H X H = female, normal X H Y = male, normal X H X h = female, carrier X h X h = female, hemophiliac X h Y= male, hemophiliac Show the cross of a man who has hemophilia with a woman who is a carrier. What is the probability that their children will have the disease? 7. A woman who is a carrier marries a normal man. Show the cross. What is the probability that their children will have hemophilia? What sex will a child in the family with hemophilia be?
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