Infrastructure Development in India: Role of Japanese ODA
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1 Infrastructure Development in India: Role of Japanese ODA Pravakar Sahoo Visiting Scholar, Policy Research Institute Ministry of Finance, Japan and Associate Professor, Institute of Economic Growth (IEG) Delhi University, India.
2 Scheme of Presentation Brief Overview of Indian Economy Infrastructure Development in India India-Japan Partnership and Japanese ODA to India Impact, Potential Areas and Challenges
3 Indian Economy: Recent Developments Slow down of overall growth and across sectors. Slow down of investment expenditure High fiscal deficit, trade deficit and current account deficit. Persistent inflation and expected tight monetary policy Overall decline in business climate and thereby investment. Major reforms undertaken in recent months and there are signs of slight recovery. But long way to go reaching the 9 to 10 percent growth, necessary for employment and poverty reduction. National Election 2014.
4 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
5 Infrastructure Development in India The lack of world class infrastructure in India is impeding the country s economic development. The fast growth of the Indian economy has placed increasing stress on physical infrastructure. The Eleventh Five Year Plan Emphasized need for expanding investment in infrastructure. Recognised inadequate infrastructure as major constraint to growth. Substantial progress made over Eleventh Plan Total investment in infrastructure increased from 5.7% GDP to 8% GDP. Considerable attraction of private investment via PPPs.
6 Infrastructure Development in India Public sector investment still expected to fund large part of projects but increasingly more emphasis on private sector investment. Twelfth Five Year Plan aims to achieve 50% private and PPP funding. Total investment must be over Rs 60 lakh crore or US $ 1 trillion. Infrastructure investment needs to increase from 8% GDP to 10% GDP over five year period. Public deficit and capped government borrowing limits state participation in infrastructure financing, requiring private sector participation through PPPs. Currently around 800 PPP projects under implementation. Over 240 PPP projects with a value of US $14.5 billion have been delivered over last 15 years. India is second only to China in terms of number of PPPs. India is second only to Brazil in terms of investment in PPPs.
7 Infrastructure Investment as % of GDP
8 Percentage component of public and private investment in infrastructure in Eleventh Five Year Plan
9 Figure 3
10 PPP projects by sector
11 Infrastructure Development in India: Issues and Challenges for
12 Infrastructure Development in India: A comparative Picture Country score Rank score Rank India China Japan Korea Thailand Malaysia
13 Doing Business Indicators China India Nos. of days to start a business Nos. of days to enforce commercial contract No s of procedures to enforce contract Cost of exports (US$ per container) Cost of imports (US$ per container)
14 Infrastructure Indicators: India and China CHINA INDIA Electric Power consumption (KW per capita) Energy Use (Kg of oil equivalent) Paved roads (%of total roads) Total rail route (in 000 km) Air freight trans. (Milli.ton for km) ` Air pass. Transport (1000 pop.) Internet users (1000 pop) Total telephones (Per 1000 persons. Labour force participation (% of total population working)
15 Poor Management of PPPs Poorly drafted contracts, Insufficient resources, Inexperience in the public sector and Unclear identification of authority. Lack of performance measurement, Inadequate monitoring and management risks This Poor Management of PPP leads to Unbalanced decisions at inappropriate times and misunderstanding of job roles in either sector Disputes, Slow progress and Unachieved benefits
16 Infrastructure Development: Issues and Challenges Policy and regulatory gaps and Inadequate availability of longterm finance Inadequate capacity in the private sector and Inadequate shelf of bankable infrastructure projects that can be bid out to the private sector Land Acquisition: Resistance from local communities has led to delays and Lack of proper dispute resolution mechanism. Regulatory Framework: Inadequate regulatory framework and inefficient approval process leads to delays in project completion. Large projects involve dealings with many ministries is cumbersome and Bureaucratic complexities are considered a serious disincentive for developers and contractors.
17 Infrastructure Development: Issues and Challenges Environmental safeguards are one of the major causes of delay, especially in power projects. Delay in Clearances & Implementation lead to Time overruns, Cost overruns and Delay in financial closure of projects. Urgent need: Stable legal framework, Competent institutional mechanisms, and Efficient dispute resolution. Governance Issues: Need for improvements in transparency of project contract awards. Efficient Pricing of Infrastructure and independent regulation.
18 Japan s Overseas Development Assistance to India
19 India-Japan Partnership With over 50 years of diplomatic relations and no geopolitical disagreements, India and Japan have been clear regional partners. India s growth and more strategic India-Japan partnership is good for stability and peace in Asia. Japan is one of the largest economies with great technological prowess while India is resource rich country with huge potential of growth. So a partnership is mutually beneficial to both the countries.
20 Development Assistance Committee s (DAC) Official Development Assistance (US$ Billion) All Recipient Asia Afghan Pakistan Vietnam India Iraq
21 DAC Official Development Assistance (Shares in Percentage) K Asian Region (% of All Recipients) Percentage Shares in DAC s Total ODA to Asian Region Afghann Pakistan Vietnam India Iraq
22 Official Development Assistance (Shares in Percentage) Recipient(s) K DAC's total ODA to Asia (% of All Recipients) DAC's ODA to India (% of total ODA) DAC's ODA to India (% of Asian ODA) Japan's ODA to India (% of DAC's to India)
23 Official Development Assistance
24 Japan s Overseas Development Assistance Since 2003, Japan has been India s single largest bilateral donor. India is the largest recipient of Japanese ODA, receiving approximately USD 36 Billion over the past few years. India was exempted from cuts in Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) enforced on other countries following the tsunami and the Fukushima disaster in Japan has also contributed to India s capacity building through Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers and Visionary Leaders for Manufacturing program.
25 Japan s Overseas Development Assistance The range of ODA given ranges from trade to medical to education infrastructure creation So far, 173 out of 238 projects are completed with support of Japan s ODA and 65 projects are running. Country Assistance Program for India is based on three prniciples: Promotion of Economic Growth Improvement of the Poverty and Environmental Issue Expansion of Human Resources Development and Human Exchange
26 Introduction of JICA JICA is One Stop Shop of Japan s Bilateral ODA Technical cooperation Hosting of trainees Sending experts Equipment provision Volunteer programs Development survey Emergency Disaster Relief Official Development Assistance (ODA) Bilateral assistance Multilateral assistance Loans Grants ODA Loans Overseas investment Economic development Increase food production (Expenditures and contributions to international organizations) 26
27 JICA-India Cooperation Strategy India s Development Strategy JICA s Cooperation Strategy for India Faster Growth Stable Energy Supply Improvement of Transportation Networks - Improvement of Energy Supply Capacity, - Strengthening Major Transport Networks (Railways/Roads/Airports/Ports) - City Transport System (Metro/Outer Ring Roads) Employment Generation Inclusive Growth Employment Generation Income Generation in Rural Areas Improvement of Basic Social Services - Private Sector Assistance - Improvement of Agricultural Productivity - Improvement of Basic Social Services (Health and Sanitation) Global Environmental Issues Conservation and Improvement of Urban Environment Environmental Conservation - Pollution Prevention and Management - Water Resources Management - Afforestation, Forest Preservation, Biodiversity Conservation - Energy Efficiency and Conservation - Renewable Energy
28 Japan s ODA to Different sectors: 2012
29 Japanese ODA to India Japanese ODA has proven to be vital for the growth of Indian infrastructure. Delhi Metro rail has proven to be phenomenal success. The assistance in the form of grants-in-aid and soft loans for development projects in India, including the Mumbai-Delhi Freight Corridor and the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor is also noted. Simhadri power station in Andhra Pradesh(1000 MW) Conservation and restoration of Ajanta and Ellora Caves for Indian Tourism. Tamil Nadu Afforestation Project Assistance to the Yamuna Action Plan Indo-Japan Friendship Nizamuddin Bridge Material Aid and Construction for institutions ;like IGNOU, LHH New D
30
31 India is JICA s largest partner FY ODA Loan (commitment) Grant Aid (commitment) Technical Cooperation (Expenditure) (JPY billion) TOTAL * * Part of commitment is postponed to FY 2011, affected by Grest East Japan earthquake 31
32 Japan s ODA to Asia and Asian Countries (Values in US $ Million) All Recipients Asia Vietnam India Afghanista n Pakistan Iraq Sri Lanka Cambodia
33 Japan s ODA to Asia and Asian Countries (Shares in Percentage) Recipient(s ) Asia (% of All Recipts) Shares in Total Asian ODA of Japan (%) Vietnam India Afghanista n Pakistan Iraq Sri Lanka Cambodia
34
35
36 Japan's ODA to Asian Countries for Year 2011 (% share in Japan's Total ODA to Asian Region)
37
38
39 Trends in ODA Loan Commitment for the past 10 years (FY
40 Japan s ODA for India by Scheme
41 List of Japan International Cooperation Agency assisted Projects under implementation Name of the Project Location Date of Signing Date of Closing Loan Amount (Million Yen) Shares in Total (%) Dedicated Freight Corridor Project Central-All Phase 2 (II) India Delhi Mass Rapid Transport System Central - Project Phase 3 Delhi Dedicated Freight Corridor Project Central-All Phase 1 (II) India Delhi Mass Rapid Transport System Project Phase 2 (IV) Delhi Tamil Nadu Transmission System Improvement Project Tamil Nadu Chennai Metro Project (II) Tamil Nadu Chennai Metro Project (III) Central- Tamil Nadu Bangalore Metro Rail Project Central - Karnataka Hyderabad Outer Ring Road Project Andhra Phase 2 Pradesh Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage (II) Karnataka Hyderabad Outer Ring Road Project Andhra Phase.1 Pradesh Rajasthan Rural Water supply and Fluorosis Mitigation Project (Nagaur) Rajasthan Delhi Mass Rapid Transport System Project (Phase 2) Delhi Kerala Water Supply Project (II) Kerala Yamuna Action Plan Project (III) Central - Delhi Top 15 Sectors Total India
42 Major Performed Projects in India under Japanese ODA S. No. Project Name Sector Dhauliganga Hydroelectric Power Plant Construction Project (I) Attappady Wastland Environmental Conservation Project West Bengal Transmission System Project (I) Simhadri and Vizag Transmission System Project (I) Dhauliganga Hydroelectric Power Plant Construction Project (II) 6 Punjab Afforestation Project (I) Project Start Year Project Evaluated Approved Loan Amount Million Yen Disbursed Electrical Power Development Planning Forestry/Forest Preservation Electrical Power Electrical Power Electrical Power Forestry / Forest Preservation Manipur Sericulture Project Sericulture Simhadri and Vizag Transmission System Project (II) West Bengal Transmission System Project (II) 10 Punjab Afforestation Project (II) 11 Dhauliganga Hydroelectric Power Plant Construction Project (III) Electrical Power Electrical Power Forestry / Forest Preservation Electrical Power
43 Sector wise Japan s ODA to India (Shares in % Japan s Total ODA) Sector : Bilateral ODA Commitments by Purpose (CRS) : SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES : Education : Water supply and sanitation : ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 215: Transport and Communications : Energy : PRODUCTION SECTORS : Agriculture, forestry and fishing : Industry, mining and construction : MULTISECTOR
44 Sectorwise Japan s ODA to India (Shares in % Japan s Total ODA for Respective Sector) Sectors : Bilateral Official Development Assistance : SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES : Education : Water supply and sanitation : ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES : Transport and Communications : Energy : PRODUCTION SECTORS : Agriculture, forestry and fishing : Industry, mining and construction : Trade and tourism : MULTISECTOR : PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE : ACTION RELATING TO DEBT : HUMANITARIAN AID : UNALLOCATED/UNSPECIFIED
45 Impact of Japan s ODA Energy Dhauliganaga Hydroelectric power Plant construction West Bngal Transmission System Project Vizag transmission System Transport Delhi Metro Assistance for Safety, Efficiency and Capacity Building Health Local development
46 Difficulties and Challenges Infrastructure, Taxation system, customs clearances etc. Doing Business is difficult, India ranked 132 out 185 countries in Conflict between growth and Humanity Issues. Economic developments in Japan Lack of proper designed projects
47 Steps to improve Investment climate and attract FDI, ODA etc Infrastructure Development Independent regulatory mechanism Dispute resolution mechanism Cost-recovery based pricing Increasing foreign equity to 100% Special Investment law Addressing issue relating to financing Flexiable labour laws Setting up commission/committee to unify and harmonise labour laws Addressing all rigid labour laws
48 Better coordination between centre and States Autonomous body to get clearances from both State level reforms in coordination with centre Making SEZs More Effective Proper designing and planning Sufficient infrastructure connectivity Further Institutional reforms Empowering FIPB for giving central level clearances Non-governmental facilitation centre Trade reforms, privatisation of PSU
49 Future Areas for ODA Broad areas need to continue such as tackling environment issues and climate change, assistance for economic growth along with employment generation, promotion of sustainable economic growth through assisting with infrastructure development, reduction of poverty and boosting the health and education utilities in India. High technology sectors such as space research, biotechnology, super computers etc. Sharing intellectual resources for more effective PPP, both design and implimentation, in different sectors.
50 Future Areas for ODA More participation in Rail and road projects Environment: Assistance to achieve CO2 intensity. Institutional support Focus on rural areas Energy: Helping in energy saving plants to target Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) schemes. Renewable energy-hydro, wind and solar. Nuclear cooperation for power generation
51 Thank You
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