K.E. = (1/2) m (mass) x v (velocity)
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1 Energy and the Environment (PHYSC 0) Conversion of Potential and Kinetic Energy Introduction When an object rolls down a groove in a tilted ruler, the force of gravity will accelerate the object. The potential energy with which it started out at the top of the ruler will thus be converted into kinetic energy when it reaches the bottom. Potential and Kinetic Energy In this activity there are two types of energy involved as the object rolls down the ruler, kinetic and potential. Before the object begins to roll down the ruler, it posses energy because gravity is pulling down on the mass of the object. The energy is called potential energy; it is the energy representing the force of the Earth's gravitational pull. The formula for calculating potential energy is P.E. = m (mass) x g (gravity) x h (height) where gravity = 9.80 m/s, the height is in meters, and the mass is in kilograms. When the object is released, it the potential energy becomes kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of bodies in motion. The formula for calculating kinetic energy is K.E. = (/) m (mass) x v (velocity) Note that velocity is distance (meters) divided by time (seconds). Both potential and kinetic are measured in Joules. Because energy is conserved, the potential energy at the top of the ruler should be equal to the kinetic energy at the bottom of the ruler. Experiment One: Small Marble Find a flat level area in the classroom (table, floor, etc). Place the wood block under one end of the ruler so that the 0 cm mark on the ruler is directly over the edge of the block. Make sure when you do each measurement that the 0 cm mark on the ruler is aligned with the edge of the block. Review the sample setup on the center lab table.
2 Place the meter stick on the table at the base of the ruler so that you can time how long it takes the marble to roll one meter along the table after it leaves the ruler. Measure the mass of the small marble in grams. Convert this to kilograms. Record this using scientific notation on the Small Marble Data Table. Position the marble at the 0 cm mark and measure the height from the table to this mark in millimeters. Convert this number to meters and then calculate the potential energy of the marble at this point. Record your calculations using scientific notation. Position the marble at the 0 cm mark and release it. Record the time in seconds it takes the marble to travel one meter along the table from the beginning and the end of the meter stick. Release the marble three more times from the 0 cm mark and record the time it take for it to travel meter. Calculate the velocity of the marble by dividing the distance ( meter) by the average time recorded. Also calculate the velocity squared. Record your calculations using scientific notation. Calculate the kinetic energy for the marble. Record your calculation using scientific notation. Repeat the procedure above for the small marble at the 0 cm mark and the 0 cm mark. Experiment Two: Ping Pong Ball Using the procedure outlined above, measure the time it takes the ping pong ball to travel one meter at the 0, 0, and 0 cm mark. Record your observations and measurements in the Ping Pong Data Table. Data Analysis Construct a line-graph showing the velocity squared (V ) versus the distance up the ruler (0cm, 0cm, and 0cm marks) for the two experiments. Use a red line for the small marble and a blue line for the ping pong ball. Turn in your completed graph and Data Table.
3 0 cm Mark (mb0) Marble Data Table Mass of Marble = kilograms V = m /sec 0 cm Mark(mb0) V = m /sec 0 cm Mark(mb0) V = m /sec
4 0 cm Mark(pp0) Ping Pong Data Table Mass of Ping Pong Ball = kilograms V = m /sec 0 cm Mark(pp0) V = m /sec 0 cm Mark(pp0) V = m /sec
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