Glebe Island Bridge in action. Sydney Sydney Harbour Bridge opening 1932

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1 BRIDGES SHAPING SYDNEY A brief history of the main harbour bridges of Sydney and their role in the shaping of the city. November 2014 Gareth Collins Principal Manager Centre for Urban Design, Roads and Maritime Services Sydney and its bridges are inextricably linked. It is true that the scale, materials and number of bridges crossing Port Jackson has responded to the growth of Sydney. But the corollary of this is that the development of Sydney, its character, connectivity and productivity has responded to the generational changes in its harbour bridges over the past two centuries. The early colony had small bridges crossing the upper reaches of Port Jackson in Parramatta. For example the current stone Lennox Bridge, built by convicts between 1836 and 1839, is one of the oldest bridges in Australia. It replaced two wooden bridges at this location, the first destroyed by floods in Lennox Bridge sits at the heart of Parramatta and as well as a key crossing of the river, is one of the city s highly valued built artefacts. As the colony and Sydney developed more substantial bridges were needed. The first Glebe Island Bridge opened in 1862 connecting the CBD with Balmain. A steel lattice bridge at Gladesville followed in 1881, replacing a punt. Until 1932 this bridge was the only harbour crossing. In 1882 a steel bridge over Iron Cove bay opened. These bridges allowed access between outlying farms and the city markets, they allowed the city centre area to grow and consolidate its importance, but they were inadequate for the further growth of Sydney and its emergence as a global city. The 20 th century saw Sydney change from a cluster of separate towns around the harbour, connected by narrow steel bridges and ferries to the centre of a vast metropolis connected by great bridge structures. Glebe Island Bridge in action In 1932 the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened. With eight traffic lanes, two rail lines, a footpath, a cycleway, buildings as abutments, monumental piers and pylons and the 503m span 134m high steel arch, Bradley s design provided a leap forward, uniting north and south of the city and placing Sydney on the world scene. Sydney 1888 In 1903 the swing Glebe Island Bridge opened replacing the original timber bridge. Along with the similarly design Pyrmont Bridge, this bridge would have been a marvel and icon for the city. They are still important built elements in the harbour landscape, both with state heritage listing. Sydney Harbour Bridge opening 1932

2 In 1955 the Iron Cove Bridge opened, replacing the old steel bridge and four lanes and a footway connected Rozelle with Drummoyne. The truss bridge with its art deco piers and abutments became a landmark for the inner west; strengthened the CBD as the place for business; and allowed access and the development of the suburbs. In the 1960s an outrigger lane was added increasing the number of lanes for travel. The Gladesville Bridge was just one part of a suite of bridges connecting the city to the west. Tarban Creek bridge opened in 1963 as did Fig Tree bridge. Tarban Creek bridge is a tapered multi arched structure and although an elegant, beautiful design, its distinctive K shape has resulted in stresses in the arch which has now made the necessity of a support pier to stabilise the arch and make it a compressive structure. In 1964 the Gladesville Bridge opened. It was the longest concrete arched bridge in the world at the time and the first to be designed by computer. A roadway in the sky was one description and the arch and its scale became another structure and icon for the city. On its 50th birthday the bridge became only the 4th International Engineering Heritage Marker for Australia alongside the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Visualisation of Tarban Creek Bridge with support pier Fig Tree Bridge Tarban Creek Bridge Gladesville Bridge Gladesville Bridge under construction 1963 Gladesville, Tarban Creek Bridge and Fig Tree bridge 2014 No bridge over Tarban Creek in 1943

3 In 1995 Glebe Island Bridge was replaced as a crossing of Black Wattle Bay. The new Glebe Island bridge was renamed the Anzac Bridge in The 120 metre high 345m span cable stay bridge was designed to span the waterway and allow large vessels to pass beneath. Its eight lanes carries over 100,000 buses trucks taxis and cars each day and the adjoining shared path provides walking and cycling access to the city. The size of the towers and the cables makes this bridge a highly visible structure and symbolic of the modern city. Anzac Bridge, the Glebe foreshore walkway and the Sydney CBD, 2014

4 Approximately opening in 30 years intervals, the Harbour Bridge, the Gladesville Bridge and the Anzac Bridge stand boldly in Sydney. Their arches and towers are visible to each other and representative of a century of dramatic change in the city and in bridge technology. Gladesville Bridge 1964 The most recent bridge to be built over the harbour is the new Iron Cove Bridge, opened in 2011 and as yet unnamed. Again it is a new type of bridge technology being an incrementally launched, continuous concrete structure. It is built in a constant curve on the eastern abutment and gradually pushed out over the piers on Teflon mats by small hydraulic rams. It is deliberately subdued in design with its curved form, tapered piers, cantilevered deck, low height above water level and flat nature allowing the old truss bridge to be seen and not competed with. It is the first harbour crossing to cater so well for pedestrians and cyclists with a 5m wide shared path and smooth ramped connections into the Bay Run. It is not iconic in the nature of the Gladesville, Anzac and the Sydney Harbour Bridge but is a people structure providing for buses, good connectivity around the area and improved recreation for the community. Sydney Harbour Bridge 1932 Sydney 2014 (4.7 million population) Anzac Bridge 1995 The Bay Run with the new and old Iron Cove bridges and the Sydney Harbour Bridge behind It is important for all these bridges to remain functional, useful and a continuing part of the built fabric. This means that maintenance and upgrading works are a necessary part of conserving the city and allowing it to grow. On the Sydney Harbour Bridge, painting work on the south side is nearing completion and in recent years the hangers have been strengthened with cabling. On the Anzac Bridge additional lanes have been added, fencing has been replaced, a new shock absorbing system added to the cables and a tiny plastic helix welded to the cable sheaths, preventing water drip lines and stopping the cables rattling in the wind and rain. Sydney 1943 (1.4 million population) A simple plastic helix helps look after the Anzac Bridge for the future.

5 The bridges of Sydney have enabled the city to develop. The latest generation of bridges and the foresight of the designers of Sydney Harbour Bridge have helped take Sydney to the status of a global city and one of the largest and most prosperous in the western world. The form of these bridges has lead to them becoming icons for the city and representing its vitality and positive outlook. Their locations and multi purpose connections and uses have allowed the city to develop around them. For example the scale and prosperity of the CBDs of Sydney and North Sydney are influenced greatly by the connecting Harbour Bridge. The Anzac Bridge has allowed the inner west suburbs to expand and develop, new residences in Balmain, Rozelle and Drummoyne are changing the demography and character of these hitherto workers suburbs. The bridge family of the Gladesville Bridge, Tarban Creek Bridge and Fig Tree Bridge have provided an alternative harbour crossing to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, allowing improved access to the north shore suburbs and the west of Sydney including Sydney Olympic Park and Parramatta. The recent duplication of Iron Cove Bridge has revitalised the Iron Cove bay area with improved recreational connections, housing, sports facilities and cafes. It is hard to see where the future lies for new bridges in Sydney. Land values and concerns over visual impact have lead to the design of tunnels for many of the roads being planned and it is difficult to envisage bridges of the scale of Gladesville Bridge and Anzac Bridge being developed. Yet if Sydney is to grow and become more liveable, it needs bridges across its waterways. In comparison with London and Paris for example, they are quite few and far between. Tunnels can not achieve what bridges offer. Bridges provide improved walking and cycling access, they open up redevelopment opportunities and recreational opportunities, they are a pleasure to cross and allow an appreciation of the city landscape. Manly North Sydney Drummoyne Balmain Sydney harbour bridge Sydney Opera House Sydney CBD Pyrmont Glebe Island Anzac Bridge & Iron Cove Bridges The Bays precinct Callan Park Iron Cove Bay

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