Biology 151: Biology 1 and Introduction to Molecular Biology Lab Manual

Transcription

1 Biology 151: Biology 1 and Introduction to Molecular Biology Lab Manual YORK COLLEGE OF PENNSYLVANIA Edition Twenty Two Anthony Botyrius Dept of Biological Sciences York College of Pennsylvania

2 Preface Biology 1 has been designed to act as an introductory course in molecular and cellular biology. It is a required course for Allied Health, Forensic Chemistry and Nursing majors, but it can also stand on its own for those students who desire a strong introduction into modern biological concepts and techniques. Some of the labs in this manual have been used for many semesters, and have been revised by the instructors to provide the maximum amount of information in the time allotted. Other labs may be new to the class, or in early stages of development. Many of the labs are experimental in design, and will feature data collection and analysis. In addition, students will be utilizing the most modern equipment to accomplish the lab objectives. The lab sequence for this course will closely parallel the information being discussed in the lectures. In this way, Biology 1 students can mix theory and hands-on experiences to increase their understanding of scientific concepts. Many of the lab topics in this book focus on discovering science as a process. The class will learn how to design experiments, set up procedures to test a hypothesis, and collect and analyze real data. In addition, this course places a strong emphasis on learning how to make predictions based on sound scientific facts and evaluating those predictions using graphical and quantitative data. Success in the lab depends on several factors. Students will find all of the labs easier to understand and to perform if the lab topic is read in advance and any questions or uncertainties noted. Students are strongly encouraged to ask these questions to the instructors anytime during the lab. The worksheets and papers are also designed to help organize and review information from each lab. It is essential that each weekly assignment be completed independently, in order to determine and questions or problems each individual student might have. The instructors and lab assistants will work hard to ensure that all class members understand and enjoy the lab experience

3 Table of Contents Preface 2 Lab Schedule 4 Lab Policies 5 Academic Integrity Policy 8 Course Acceptance Form 11 Topic 1: Scientific Writing 12 Plagiarism and Paraphrasing 20 Topic 2: Microscopes and Cells 23 Guide to Metric Calculations 33 Guide to GraphPad Prism 35 Topic 3: Biological Molecules 44 Guide to Dilution and Molarity 61 Topic 4 Protein Electrophoresis 63 Topic 5: Enzymes 75 Topic 6: Fractionation and Osmosis 85 Topic 7: DNA Extraction 96 Topic 8: Colony Transformation 100 Topic 9: Genetically Modified Food 109 Topic 10: Mitosis and Karyotypes 126 Practical Study Guides

4 BIOLOGY 1 LAB POLICIES - 4 -

5 Lab Website: Missing Lab Policy: Students will receive a 0 for any missed laboratory assignment unless they present the Biology I Instructor with a signed slip stating the date of the missed laboratory, the date and time of the makeup lab attended and the signature of the instructor teaching the makeup lab. Once a lab topic has finished on Friday afternoon, a makeup is impossible to arrange. No student can work in the laboratory outside his or her regularly scheduled period. A student will not be allowed for any reason to make up more than two lab periods during this course, unless special permission is granted by the Biology I lab faculty. Procedure for making up a missed lab: 1. Contact your lab instructor as soon as possible. Make arrangements to turn in the lab worksheet currently due. 2. Consult the schedule of all Bio 1 labs on page 4 of this lab manual. Choose a time that fits your schedule. Remember, you cannot make up a lab once the topic has concluded on Friday afternoon! 3. Contact the instructor of the makeup lab to verify that he or she has available seats at that time. A lab may be already overloaded and therefore unable to accept any more students! 4. When you arrive for a pre-arranged makeup lab, you must obtain a permission slip and then have it signed by the Instructor. Do not turn in worksheets during the makeup lab! 5. Attach the signed slip to your worksheet and hand this in when you return to your regularly scheduled lab the next week. Without the signed form, your worksheet will not be graded. Access: Students in this course should regularly check their ycp.edu account. We will attempt to send to personal addresses when possible. General announcements will only be made to ycp addresses, course web pages, and in lectures

6 Lab Safety: The biology department believes that lab safety is an important aspect of laboratory instruction. In order to keep yourself and your lab partners secure, please note that the following policies will be enforced. 1. Safety glasses must be worn for all experiments where eye damage could occur. 2. No eating or drinking will be tolerated in lab. 3. Open-toed shoes can not be worn. 4. Chemicals will be handled and disposed of in an appropriate way according to your instructor's directions. If your lab instructor determines that you are not in compliance with this course policy, you will not be permitted to participate in the lab. Electronics: It is rude to interrupt or talk over an instructor when he or she is teaching. It is equally disrespectful and distracting to the instructor when phones are ringing or text messages are being sent by lab members. Please turn off all electronic equipment and put them away while the lab is in session. Repeated disruptions can be factored into your lab average. Discuss with your instructor if an exception is necessary. Calculators: During exams, calculators may be provided for general use. It is the students responsibility to know how to use these. Personal calculators can be restricted or permitted at the instructor's discretion. Assignments: It is the policy of the course that all worksheets and papers be original work. If originality is questioned or a paper is lost, it will be your responsibility to show that the work was original or provide a new copy of the assignment. All students are responsible for keeping copies of worksheets. Pre-lab Quizzes: The Biology 1 instructors believe that you learn the concepts best by practicing them often. You will find Pre-lab questions at the beginning of each lab topic. At the start of each week s lab, your instructor will choose 2-3 of these questions and ask you to write the answers. Quizzes will be graded and returned to you during the lab. You can prepare for the quizzes by reading the lab topic for that week. Pre-lab quizzes are designed to be short, low point value and easily evaluated. Pre-lab quizzes must be taken within the first 5 minutes of lab and CANNOT be made up

7 Worksheets: Typed worksheets will be due after all labs. All of the worksheets can be found on the lab website. They review the theories, procedures, results, and interpretations of the lab events of that week. You will always have at least one week to complete them, and are welcome to ask any instructor, lab assistant or tutor for help at any time. Worksheets may not be copied from lab partners! Your lab instructor can refuse to grade any question or any worksheet that exhibits substantial similarities to another student's! Handwritten worksheets will not be accepted. Practicals: You will have 2 comprehensive practical exams at the middle and end of the semester. These will have more complex questions than worksheets, and may ask you to analyze data or manipulate some lab apparatus. The Appendix contains generalized study sheets for both practicals. In addition, you should study the pre- and post- lab questions and lab objectives at the beginning of each new Topic. Late work: Due to the logistical difficulty of managing a class of almost 200 students, late work will not be accepted without prior permission of the instructor or a reasonable excuse. Your lab instructor may choose to deduct points or a percentage for all late assignments. Modifications: The lab policies and procedures in this manual may be modified as needed throughout the semester

8 ACADEMIC INTEGRITY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE Science and the teaching of science represent a search for truth and they rest on ethical behavior and intellectual honesty. As such, both the Department of Biological Sciences and York College of Pennsylvania unequivocally condemn academic dishonesty. Academic dishonesty is defined in the York College Student Handbook as all situations where a student makes use of the work of others and claims such work as his/her own. Because the Department of Biological Sciences maintains high expectations for all students and is committed to stringent standards of academic honesty, we contend that all published information, in any form, must not be used unless rigorously paraphrased and properly cited. Moreover, all tests, projects, worksheets, and lab reports require a solo effort unless specifically noted otherwise by the instructor. This means that the sharing of text, images, tables, figures, or data analyses with classmates is a breach of academic honesty. Also, providing such information to others will be considered just as dishonest as accepting the information. Work done in lab may involve partners, but the formal partnerships end when the laboratory period ends. At the end of a lab, each partner should leave with his or her group s protocols, hypotheses, data, and any information about procedural problems. Once the in-lab work is completed, the work shifts from a group effort to a solo effort. This does not mean that students shouldn t discuss lab concepts, problems, and general strategies and broad interpretations. Talking about science is healthy and is encouraged. And, it is understood that lab groups may obtain similar or identical quantitative data for a given project. In the end, however, data analyses and report writing as well as the overall presentation and interpretation of these data are to be done independently by the individual and not by the group. If work submitted by two or more students appears unexplainably and unreasonably similar, academic dishonesty will be assumed and the instructor will promptly notify the student in writing and obtain confirmation of notification - 8 -

9 from the student. The faculty member then has ten business days from that written notification to the student to report the incident to the Dean of Academic Affairs and the Department Chair. Documentation related to instances of academic dishonesty will be kept on file in the student s permanent record. The faculty member has full discretion to determine a suitable penalty for the student, up to a course grade of 0. This discretion is limited to the course in which the dishonesty took place. Students may not withdraw from a course in which they have been accused of academic dishonesty, unless and until the accusation is withdrawn by the faculty member or is overturned by the Student Welfare Committee or the Dean of Academic Affairs. Students who believe they have been unjustly charged or sanctioned must discuss the situation with the faculty member and have 10 business days thereafter to submit an appeal to the Student Welfare Committee through the Dean of Academic Affairs. If an appeal is filed, the Student Welfare Committee will then conduct a hearing to review the charge and/or sanction. In the case of an egregious first offense, the faculty member may request that the Student Welfare Committee conduct a hearing and determine a sanction, which may involve academic probation, suspension or dismissal from the College. If the Dean of Academic Affairs determines that the academic dishonesty is the student s second offense, the Dean will provide written notification to the student, the faculty member, and the Department Chair. The Student Welfare Committee will automatically conduct a hearing to review the charge and decide on an appropriate sanction, which will involve academic probation, suspension or dismissal from the College. Students who believe the Student Welfare Committee has unjustly sanctioned them may submit a written appeal to the Dean of Academic Affairs within 72 hours of receiving notification of the Student Welfare Committee s sanction. If questions arise about academic integrity, see the course instructor before submitting your work

10 Specific Activities to Avoid in Bio 1 Lab: 1. Do not copy answers from a lab partner's worksheet. Although your data and conclusions may be similar, the thoughts and words on a worksheet must be your own. 2. Do not allow another student to copy answers from your worksheets. This is an equally serious offense as actually copying someone else s work. 3. Do not directly copy passages from the lab manual as part of your worksheets or scientific paper. It is important to re-phrase material taken from the manual to demonstrate your comprehension of the information. 4. Do not use a calculator, your own or a lab partner's, that has formulas, graphs, or other information pre-programmed into it. 5. Do not turn in a graph that is the same as a lab partner's with your name substituted. This applies even if the data used is the same for a lab group or even a class average

11 Participation in Biology 1 constitutes acceptance of these policies. (print name here) I, have read this statement and the syllabus for Biology 1 and I understand and accept departmental and college expectations of academic honesty, ethical conduct, lab safety requirements and the makeup policy. Signature: Lab Day and Time: Turn this completed page in to your lab instructor