Beauty and the Beast. Binder Foldout & CEETEP Poster
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1 Beauty and the Beast Plate Tectonics of the Pacific Northwest Plate JUAN de FUCA PLATE Juan de Fuca Ridge Subducting PACIFIC Gorda Ridge PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE Vancouver Is. Boundary GORDA PLATE San Andreas Fault Puget Sound Olympic Mtns. Coast Range Mt. Garibaldi Willamette Valley Glacier Peak Mt. Rainier Mt. Adams Mt. St. Helens Mt. Hood Mt. Jefferson Mt. Mazama Klamath Mt McLoughlin Mountains Mt. Shasta Coast Range Columbia Three Sisters Cascade Volcanoes Sierra Nevada Great Valley Mt. Baker Lassen Peak Plateau Basin and Canada Washington Oregon Range Idaho Province Nevada California Juan de Fuca Ridge PACIFIC PLATE Mid-Ocean Ridge Cascadia Subduction Zone Olympic Mountains and Coast Range Offshore Earthquake JUAN de FUCA PLATE Locked Zone Earthquake THE BIG ONE Puget Sound Cascade Volcanoes Willamette Valley Crustal Earthquake Slab Earthquake Subducting Juan de Fuca Plate NORTH AMERICAN PLATE Volcanic Earthquake Magma Rifting Earthquake Plate Sweats Hot Water Basin and Range Province Plate Boundaries: Hotspot Divergent Convergent Transform Binder Foldout & CEETEP Poster
2 Beauty and the Beast The same geological processes that threaten our lives with earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions also nourish our spirits by creating the spectacular mountains, valleys, and coastlines of the Pacific Northwest. Olympic National Park Mt. St. Helens National Volcanic Monument
3 Plate Tectonics The Earth s interior is convecting. Plates are driven by cooling of Earth. Gravity provides the ridge push and trench pull forces to move plates.
4 About a dozen plates; some plates have continents; some don t. Plates move a few centimeters per year (the rate of fingernail growth). Volcanoes and earthquakes are concentrated at plate boundaries.
5 Lithosphere in Earth Context oceanic crust continental crust Thickness of lithosphere (= tectonic plates) ~ 100 km. Lithosphere is crust on top and mantle on bottom. Oceanic crust is basalt, thickness = 7 km. Continental crust is granite, average thickness = 40 km. Granite is less dense than basalt.
6 Earth vs- Egg Earth - vs - Egg Earth radius = 6370 km Lithosphere thickness = 100 km What % of Earth radius is lithosphere? Egg radius = 0.75 inch Egg shell thickness = inch What % of egg radius is shell? How do these compare? ~ 1.6% 2% 2% Lithosphere is to Earth as shell is to egg.
7 Mechanical Behaviors Rock Tongs Elastic: bends and recovers. Brittle: elastic UP TO A LIMIT, then BREAKS. COLD rocks are brittle. Ductile: permanent deformation. WARM rocks are ductile.
8 Lithosphere (= Tectonic Plate) Basalt 7 km thick Granite 40 km thick, variable Lithosphere: outer ~100 km. Contains crust + upper mantle. Cold, rigid, and brittle; can fracture. Asthenosphere: deeper, hotter mantle. Can flow like silly putty. A VISCOELASTIC SOLID. NOT LIQUID!!
9 Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Earth s Mantle Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie
10 Three Kinds of Plate Boundaries Transform Divergent Convergent
11 Plate Boundaries of the Western US
12 Transform Plate Boundary Strike-slip faulting
13 San Andreas Fault North American Plate Pacific Plate
14 Strike-Slip Fault Produced by shearing forces.
15 Transform Plate Boundaries
16 Transform Plate Boundaries
17 Earthquakes on Transform Boundaries Strike-slip faulting with horizontal motion parallel to fault. Shallow depths, almost never deeper than 20 km. Why? Many small EQs (M<6). Some strong (M6) and major (M7) EQs.
18 Divergent Plate Boundaries Spreading ocean ridges Continental rift zones
19 Divergent Boundaries in Oceans are Seafloor Spreading Centers Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
20 Divergent Plate Boundaries
21 Divergent Plate Boundaries
22 Normal Fault Foam Faults Produced by extensional forces.
23 Age of Juan de Fuca and Gorda Plates New oceanic plate formed at the spreading ridge. Plate is young at the ridge and gets older with distance away from the ridge. Juan de Fuca Plate is only 10 million years old when it subducts.
24 Earthquakes on Divergent Boundaries Normal faulting due to extension. Shallow depths, rarely deeper than 10 km. Why? Many small EQs (M<6). Some strong (M6) and major (M7) EQs.
25 World Map of Plates Explore Spreading Ocean Ridges and Transform Plate Boundaries
26 Convergent Plate Boundaries Ocean - Ocean subduction zone, Marianas Ocean Continent subduction zone, Cascadia Continent Continent collision zone, Himalayas
27 Why does an oceanic plate subduct beneath a continental plate? Swimming Pool Earth s Mantle Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie
28 Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Earth s Mantle Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie
29 Easy to Subduct. Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie
30 Hard to Subduct! Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie
31 Continental Crust is THICKER, and therefore MORE BOUYANT than Oceanic Crust Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie
32 Plate capped with thin Oceanic Crust subducts beneath plate capped with thick Continental Crust Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie
33 Convergent Plate Boundary Entire region is the Cascadia Subduction Zone
34 Cascadia Subduction Zone
35 Reverse (Thrust) Fault Foam Faults Produced by compressional forces.
36 Earthquakes on Convergent Boundaries Thrust faulting due to compression. EQs to 100 km depth on plate boundary megathrust AND within the converging plates. EQs to greater depths occur within subducting oceanic plate. Wide range of magnitudes. Most M8 & M9 great EQs are shallow megathrust events in subduction zones.
37 Cascadia Animation
38 World Map of Plates Explore Convergent Plate Boundaries
39 National Parks in two mountain ranges. Robert J. Lillie Bernard Garcia Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie
40 Terrane Accretion A TERRANE consists of crust that is too thick and buoyant to subduct. The continent grows outward as terranes are added to the margin.
41 Olympic National Park Coastal Ranges Marine sedimentary layers deposited on the seafloor then scraped off onto the continental margin.
42 Olympic National Park Pillow Basalt
43 Formation of Pillow Lava Lava Erupts into Cold Ocean Water Oceanic Crust
44 Video of Pillow Lava
45 Terrane Accretion
46 Beauty and the Beast Plate Tectonics of the Pacific Northwest Plate JUAN de FUCA PLATE Juan de Fuca Ridge Subducting PACIFIC Gorda Ridge PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE Vancouver Is. Boundary GORDA PLATE San Andreas Fault Puget Sound Olympic Mtns. Coast Range Mt. Garibaldi Willamette Valley Glacier Peak Mt. Rainier Mt. Adams Mt. St. Helens Mt. Hood Mt. Jefferson Mt. Mazama Klamath Mt McLoughlin Mountains Mt. Shasta Coast Range Columbia Three Sisters Cascade Volcanoes Sierra Nevada Great Valley Mt. Baker Lassen Peak Plateau Basin and Canada Washington Oregon Range Idaho Province Nevada California Juan de Fuca Ridge PACIFIC PLATE Mid-Ocean Ridge Cascadia Subduction Zone Olympic Mountains and Coast Range Offshore Earthquake JUAN de FUCA PLATE Locked Zone Earthquake THE BIG ONE Puget Sound Cascade Volcanoes Willamette Valley Crustal Earthquake Slab Earthquake Subducting Juan de Fuca Plate NORTH AMERICAN PLATE Volcanic Earthquake Magma Rifting Earthquake Plate Sweats Hot Water Basin and Range Province Plate Boundaries: Hotspot Divergent Convergent Transform Geology of Olympic Na0onal Park h"p://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/olym/index.html
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53 Robert J. Lillie Yachats Forma=on Oceanic Basalt Lava Flows ~ 35 Million Years Old (Late Eocene - Oligocene) Heceta Head Lighthouse State Scenic Viewpoint, Oregon
54 Beauty and the Beast The same geological processes that threaten our lives with earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions also nourish our spirits by creating the spectacular mountains, valleys, and coastlines of the Pacific Northwest. U. S. Geological Survey Mt. St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Washington Robert J. Lillie Crater Lake National Park
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