Particle Identification
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1 Particle Identification Niels van Bakel Momentum & charge (Tracking), Energy (Calorimeter) and Mass (PID) Particle Identification By analyzing the way they interact - mainly lepton and photon Tracking System & Magnet: Charge and momentum γ e + e - (if this happens) muon kink of charged kaon decay Calorimeters: Electrons - TS and EM (energy has to match momentum) Photons - EM (no track) Neutrals - EM and hadron Charged hadrons - TS, EM and hadron Only μ and ν escape Identical interactions 2 Muon system: Track in TS, EM, hadron and Muon system
2 Particle Identification By mass determination for charged hadrons and leptons Particle momentum with spectrometer... (curvature with tracker and magnetic field, also charge sign) Mass Resolution p = m 0 c Need 2 nd observable to identify particle mass m0: Velocity: Time-of flight Cherenkov angle Transition radiation Energy loss: Total energy: Ionization (Bethe-Bloch) Calorimeter 3 PID example - what are the decay products? B-physics: CP-violation, rare decays Efficient hadron identification needed: π/k, K/p, e/π, γ/π Methods depend on energy domain: efficiency, mis-id, rejection 4
3 Separation power Detector length vs. momentum Used to quantify usability of a technique Expressed as e.g. a 3σ separation of K vs. π Compare different PID techniques: de/dx, TOF, Cherenkov R is detector response for certain particle type σa,b is average of standard deviation of the two measured responses 5 Energy loss and Ionization Charged particles undergo inelastic Coulomb collisions with atomic electrons in the material - Gives.. - Signal (e/h pairs) is proportional to. Calculation of average energy per track length based on.. Straggling function: Thick absorber (thick enough to absorb ΔE proportional to particle kinetic energy) gives - Thin absorber (only small fraction of kinetic energy is lost) is 6
4 Energy loss and Ionization Charged particles undergo inelastic Coulomb collisions with atomic electrons in the material - Gives excitation or ionization - Signal (e/h pairs) is proportional to (de/dx)/w (W=30 ev for gas, W=3.6 for Si) Calculation of average energy per track length based on.. Straggling function: Thick absorber (thick enough to absorb ΔE proportional to particle kinetic energy) gives - Thin absorber (only small fraction of kinetic energy is lost) is 7 Energy loss and Ionization Charged particles undergo inelastic Coulomb collisions with atomic electrons in the material - Gives excitation or ionization - Signal (e/h pairs) is proportional to (de/dx)/w (W=30 ev for gas, W=3.6 for Si) Calculation of average energy per track length based on QM (neglecting higher energy δ-electrons) gives Bethe-Bloch - BB valid for electrons and heavier charged particles - MIP has βγ=4, below steep increase of de/dx, above a logarithmic rise Straggling function: Thick absorber (thick enough to absorb ΔE proportional to particle kinetic energy) gives - Thin absorber (only small fraction of kinetic energy is lost) is 8
5 Energy loss and Ionization Charged particles undergo inelastic Coulomb collisions with atomic electrons in the material - Gives excitation or ionization - Signal (e/h pairs) is proportional to (de/dx)/w (W=30 ev for gas, W=3.6 for Si) Calculation of average energy per track length (neglecting higher energy δ-electrons) with Bethe-Bloch - BB valid for electrons and heavier charged particles - MIP has βγ=4, below steep increase of de/dx, above a logarithmic rise Straggling function: distribution of energy loss over path length governed by statistical fluctuations both in number of collisions (Poisson), and in energy transfer in each collision - Thick absorber (thick enough to absorb ΔE proportional to particle kinetic energy) gives Gaussian distr. - Thin absorber (only small fraction of kinetic energy is lost) is Landau distributed: with long tail due to possibility of large energy transfer in single collision - asymmetric with mean value higher than most probable value. 9 PID through de/dx Straggling function Truncated mean Ionization curves Energy loss of thin absorber given by Landau distribution: Chance of large energy transfer in single particle collision long tail results in MPV < Mean B.B. for PID 10
6 PID through de/dx Ionization = de/dx = Δ Measure de/dx (gives β,γ) and p to determine m0 with figure B.B. for PID for Separation power in # of σ 11 Alice TPC: tracking and PID (de/dx) Ionization signals - BB parametrization p/z Largest TPC: length and diameter 5m Probabilities for particle type Atlas & CMS Si detectors hadron ID only for low momentum (Fermi-plateau) Future LC-TPC with GridPix? 12
7 Time-of-Flight method Measure time difference between two detector signals Good time resolution -Fast sensor and electronics - Scintillator, Resistive Plate Chamber Particles have same momentum 13 Time-of-Flight (ToF) Determine m by measuring t and p (and L) t = t ToF = t 2 t 1 Particle separation for 3 time resolutions For particles A and B with different mass, and p mc: Require 3σTOF separation Mis-ID for high momenta: ttof σtof 14
8 Example ToF What determines the mass resolution? What timing resolution needed for 4σ pion/ kaon separation (p = 1 GeV), distance L=3.5 m between ToF counters? What does this mean for hardware? 15 Resistive Plate chambers Avalanche only if developed over full gap Simpler technology at lower price Gas detector in avalanche mode Induces signal immediately Sensitive if avalanche starts close to cathode High resistivity electrode restricts signals to a well-localized area Local drop of E-field influence rate capabilities insensitive (local) for some recharge time (~ms) Multi-gap combines narrow (good Δt) with large gap (high rate) advantages Multi-gap 16
9 Alice Resistive Plate Chamber 160 m2 and 160k channels MRPC ToF has a time resolution of 100 ps Used with momentum and track length from tracking system to determine particle mass: - 3σ π/k separation up to 2.2 GeV/c - 3σ K/p separation up to 4 GeV/c 17..Interaction of charged particles Interaction of photons in medium Dielectric constant: Refractive index n Re(ϵ) = n2 modifies the phase velocity: 10 ev Optical Cerenkov 5 kev Absorption parameter: Im(ϵ) = k ω Absorption X-ray Ionisation Transition radiation Instead of ionization or excitation of matter, under certain conditions photons can be emitted inside a medium, and escape. Emission of Cherenkov or Transition radiation by charged particles. This emission of real photons contributes little to the energy loss. 18
10 Cherenkov radiation Charged particle exceeding light velocity in medium Cherenkov angle Photon Net dipole moment Particle Threshold: Requires medium with Depends on particle speed Max. angle: 19 Air: θc max 1.4 Glass: θc max 45 Cherenkov radiation properties Number of emitted photons per wavelength Integrate over sensitivity of PMT Number of emitted photons per energy loss Calculate energy loss of Cherenkov radiation? <1% For higher energy not more photons but angle of radiation changes 20
11 Cherenkov radiation Number of Cherenkov photons per path length Cherenkov is a weak light source need sensitive photodetectors Emitted in all scintillators but 100x less than scintillator light 21 Cherenkov radiators γth m SiO2 - H2O mixture bridges the gap n=
12 Threshold Cherenkov detector Does not use Cherenkov angle but threshold effect: Cherenkov radiation for β > βth Choose n1, n2 and use the threshold effect to identify π, K, p? n2 : β π, βk > 1/n2 and βp < 1/n2 n1 : β π > 1/n1 and βk, βp < 1/n1 Light in C1 and C2 pion Light in C2 and not in C1 kaon Light neither in C1 and C2 proton 23 Differential Cherenkov detector Accept only particles in a certain velocity range Δβ Threshold velocity Maximum velocity related to critical angle for internal reflection Can determine a mass range if one knows the momentum 24
13 Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Use θc and number of photons Determination of velocity β from radius of ring. Optics projects photons with certain θc on ring Rs is focal length mirror 25 Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Measurement of Cherenkov angle Use medium with known refractive index n β 26
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