Challenges in waste-to-energy industry

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1 Challenges in waste-to-energy industry Pål Mikkelsen EGE Waste-to-Energy Agency, Oslo

2 Waste-to-Energy Oslo kommune Agency (EGE) Energy plants at Klemetsrud and Haraldrud in Oslo Waste-to-energy: t/y Optical sorting: t/y Biogas plant in Nes outside Oslo Biological treatment of food waste, up to t/y High risk waste Waste from hospitals Confiscated goods/documents from Customs and Police

3 EGE s commercial activities Energy recycling: tons/year High risk destruction: 3000 tons/year

4 Source sorting in Oslo

5 Optical sorting plant (Optibag) World s biggest, the only one with mechanical pre-sorting Line A and B; Haraldrud t/y (1. oct 09) Line C; Klemetsrud t/y (april 2012) Sorted food waste; t, plastic waste; 2552t (2013)

6 Food waste Food waste from households in Oslo Biogas plant capacity: t/y Biogas for 135 buses Bio fertilizer for 100 farms

7 Biological treatment Finished Technology by Cambi Capacity: t/y Gas for 135 buses, fertilizer for 100 farms Biogas and bio fertilizer from food waste only Based on thermal hydrolysis (THP)

8 Plastic is recycled Every citizen in Oslo produce 25 kg plastic waste each year One kilo recycled plastic saves two kilos oil Recycling in Germany

9 Residual waste is Oslo kommune energy recovered DISTRICT HEATING Approx. 800 GWh; provides heat for approx households ELECTRICITY 100 GWh el. for schools in Oslo TOTAL CAPACITY t/year ( t/rdf import)

10 History of waste handling Health/hygiene Landfills Destruction Incineration Environment Flue gas cleansing Energy Energy recycling Climate/resources Cycle based waste management Waste as an international commodity

11 A modern waste pyramid Waste reduction Reuse Effective material recycling Effective biological treatment Effective energy recovery Ineffective material recycl./biological tr.ment Ineffective energy recovery Landfilling Profu 2012 Dumping

12 Good Reuse/waste reduction Climate assessment Effective biological treatment/material recycling Effective Energy recovery Landfill Bad Profu 2012

13 EU TOWARDS 2020 Landfill Directive 2020 Increasing gate fee for landfills/eu-sanctions 150 mill. tons/year landfilled in Europe About 7 mill. tons spare capacity in Northern Europe Enough waste Low financial ability Lack of logistics and infrastructure Immature market

14 LANDFILLING IN EU Share of household waste Amount of household waste Profu 2012

15 The situation in Scandinavia Landfill ban in 2009 Large-scale development of district heating systems in Sweden Finance crisis descending prices Low prices on el. and heat Cycle based waste system in Oslo Increasing focus on sorting and recycling About 0,8 mill. tons of waste from Norway to Sweden per year Countries with effective energy recovery compete about waste, while 150 mill. tons of household waste is landfilled every year in EU.

16 International trade with waste 1. Requires equal framework and professional actors 2. Chain of logistics needs to be developed 3. Residual waste must be presorted 4. Residual waste that would otherwise be landfilled 5. International expertise important 6. High environmental standards and ethical behavior 7. An important contribution to a sustainable world

17 Profitability as a requirement for development Lack of profitability prevents development and threatens established solutions The industry has to propose changes that provide profitability for all stakeholders at every step in the waste pyramid

18 Scandinavian Waste2Recycle Joint project; eight plants in Scandinavia Import of waste for the Scandinavian market Export of system- and technology expertise Win win situation; Replaces fossil fuel for district heating in Scandinavia Reduces environmental and greenhouse gas emissions from landfills in the EU Helps stabilizing the market; increased material recycling Net gain 600 kg CO2-eq/. per ton of waste

19 Project «Framework 2014» Aims to strengthen framework conditions for material recycling and energy recovery, cooperating with branch organizations Identify, clarify and communicate the proposed instruments Owners Seminar March 10th, Waste Seminar at Stortinget 31. March Measures to improve the situation for energy recovery in Norway must be related to efforts to increase sorting and material recycling Society Economy Environment

20 Possible actions Long term forecasts show no significant change in profitability without changing framework conditions. Low prices may also reduce incentives to sort and material recycle the waste. Certificates for the production/use of renewable heat and biofuels Requirements for sorting and material recycling of waste; cycle based system like in UK and Oslo Green transport shift (local treatment if available) International standards for waste trading regarding tender, contracts, transport and treatment of waste

21 Green energy from waste Industrial waste Ash

22 Summary Low profitability in the waste market Non-functioning markets Different framework conditions Need for new logistics solutions (R and D) Ash as a resource; recovery of metals and utilization of bottom ash (R and D) Development of fuel based on hazardous waste Increase energy utilization through innovative solutions in the field of district heating and cooling

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