Stormwater: Reclamation & Reuse
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1 Stormwater: Reclamation & Reuse VA Water Monitoring Council March 20, 2009 By Jack E. Frye Department of Conservation & Recreation Soil & Water Conservation Division Director 1
2 Stormwater As defined in VA Stormwater Regulations: means precipitation that is discharged across the land surface or through conveyances to one or more waterways and that may include stormwater runoff, snow melt runoff, and surface runoff and drainage. 2
3 Stormwater Best Management Practice Principals (9+1) 1. Stormwater is source water resource 2. Avoid destruction of water usefulness by pollution (1 st rule of water conservation) 3. Citizen education cornerstone 4. Maximize individual & business stewardship 5. Stop creating retrofit opportunities 3
4 Stormwater Best Management Practice Principals (9 +1) 6. Integrate stormwater management, water supply and aquatic life needs 7. Structural practices require long-term care 8. Create & apply local incentives 9. Limit State grants to locally integrated practices 10. Deal with rainwater where it falls. 4
5 Uniform Plumbing Code Graywater Defined: untreated wastewater that has not come into contact with black water (sewage). Source: water from showers, bathtubs, lavatories & washing machines 5
6 Uniform Plumbing Code Reclaimed Water Defined: water treated to domestic wastewater tertiary stds by a public agency suitable for a controlled use; reclaimed water is conveyed in purple pipes Use: supply to toilets, urinals and trap seal primers (floor drains) 6
7 Uniform Plumbing Code Harvested Rainwater Defined: stormwater conveyed from a building roof, stored in a cistern and disinfected and filtered before being used Use: toilet flushing, outdoor hose bibb, irrigation, cooling make-up 7
8 Water Harvesting Two sources for harvesting: 1. Stormwater Harvesting (Landscape runoff ) All runoff from site All runoff minus roof runoff 2. Rainwater Harvesting (Roof runoff) System type depends greatly on: use purpose (domestic or industrial) economics physical constraints human considerations 8
9 Harvest Stormwater or Rooftop Runoff? Matching water quality with its intended use achieves the greatest water and energy utility and efficiency, thereby minimizing depletion of resources. By offsetting the demand for new water resources, water harvesting, reclamation and recycling reduce water consumption and the energy used in providing potable water. INDOOR USE CONCERNS: cross-contamination to potable water; human contact with pathogens/bacteria 9
10 Potential Stormwater Harvesting & Use Benefits Reduce potable water demand (total volume) Reduce potable water peak demand Reduce energy footprint Reduce CSO overflows Reduce peak flows downstream Reduce total downstream flow rates Reduce channel erosion & flooding Improve in-stream water quality Protect aquatic resources Effective engagement of citizenry 10
11 Stormwater Use Constraints Special design considerations or retrofitting feasibility Cost (collection & use systems) Volume availability requirements based on intended uses Extra maintenance load (mow lawn, clean gutters) Minimum in-stream flow 11
12 Potable Water = Energy Urban potable water has a high embedded energy content, between 1,100 and 20,100 kilowatt-hours per million gallons. (California Energy Commission, 6/2005) 3% of US generated electricity Electricity is 1/3 rd of water utilities operating costs 12
13 Harvested Water Uses flush toilets wash clothes landscape irrigation fountains/ponds cooling towers wildlife watering infiltration building washdown fire protection vehicle washing stream flow dust suppression cleaning water potable water 1997 Am. Rainwater Catchment Systems Assoc. est. 250,000 systems in US 13
14 Water Use >60,000 water supply plants in US ~65% of potable water is used for toilet flushing and irrigation Typical US indoor per capita water use is 70 gallons per day; add outdoor use can go to 165 gpd Clothes washing & toilet flushing ~50% of indoor use 14
15 Rainwater Harvesting Components 1. Surface (roof) catchment; metal, ceramic, or slate 2. Conveyance system to storage; cistern 3. Debris separation, contaminant removal 4. Storage tanks or cisterns 5. Distribution system to uses 6. Disinfection and filtering treatment (if necessary) 15
16 First flush fine filter Air vent Overflow Fig. 1: Rainwater harvesting system Graphic courtesy of WISY AG The Cabell Brand Center Salem, VA Overflow Calming inlet 16
17 Simple Design Considerations Rule of thumb: 600 gallons = 1 inch rain per 1,000 s.f. of roof area Capture rate is approximately 80%. Locations in the southeast U.S. typically experience greater than 50 inches per year; VA ~ 45 inches A 2,000 square ft (horizontal basis) roof will therefore receive rain in excess of the indoor water needs for a family of four that observes moderate water conserving practices. Design of a 5000 gallon rainwater harvesting system, including all interior and exterior components Cost approximately $6,
18 LEED Water Efficiency Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Water Efficiency WE Credit 1.2: No Potable Water Use or No Irrigation The intent of this credit is to eliminate potable water consumption for site irrigation to minimize the demand on limited water supplies. Requirements for Certification: Option 1 - Use only captured rainwater, recycled wastewater, recycled gray water, or municipally provided gray water for irrigation. Option 2 Do not use irrigation. Successful Strategies: Captured rainwater systems Recycled wastewater Municipally provided recycled gray water Indigenous plants When designing a site, consider the addition of a detention pond or the use of an existing pond to provide a source of untreated, non-potable water for landscape irrigation. This credit may be complimentary to a detention pond used for storm water management, SSc6. 18
19 VA State Agency Guidance Dept. of General Services- DEB Notice Rainwater Harvesting System; in Construction & Professional Services Manual Rainwater harvesting is permitted for the purposes of flushing water closets and urinals; landscape irrigation systems; fire protection systems, and other water handling systems to the extent such rainwater harvesting systems are feasible, reasonable and consistent with the agency mission, program, functionality, and project budget. 19
20 U. S. DoE: Federal Energy Mgmt Program Water Efficiency BMP #14 Alternative Water Sources Supports non-potable uses Differs between municipal reclaimed water, gray water, rainwater harvesting & stormwater harvesting uses Economic viability: Water costs are high Lack of quality freshwater supply Reuse as cost-effective disposal Encouraged by local policies Water efficiency 20
21 Proposed VA Stormwater Management Regulations- Concept Protect quality & quantity of state waters Improve quality & quantity of state waters Achieved by Runoff Reduction Methods Infiltration designs Grass lined swales and channels Ponds and wetlands Stormwater & rain harvesting Preventing runoff prevents water from picking up pollutants and reduces quantity control volumes 21
22 Proposed VA Stormwater Management Regulations- Concept Concept Example (1 inch rain storm): Roof designed as green roof provides storage and reduces runoff 45% - 60% Green roof runoff collected to cisterns further reduce runoff by 50% -75% Use: irrigation, wash vehicles, cool buildings, flush toilets, process water (Added benefit - Green roof also reduce heating and cooling costs) 22
23 VA Dept. of Health Use of rainwater and reuse of gray water. A. The Department shall develop by January 1, 1999, guidelines regarding the use of gray water and rainwater. The guidelines shall describe the conditions under which gray water and rainwater may appropriately be used and for what purposes. The guidelines shall include categories of used water, such as types of used household water and used water from businesses, which are appropriate for reuse. The guidelines shall include a definition of gray water that does not include used toilet water. B. The Department, in conjunction with the Department of Environmental Quality, shall promote the use of rainwater and reuse of gray water as means to reduce fresh water consumption, ease demands on public treatment works and water supply systems, and promote conservation. { Domestic use definition issues need to be resolved by VDH} Dept. of Environmental Quality & Housing and Community Development 23
24 Summary Virginia promotes stormwater use & rainwater harvesting Has a place in water supply Guidance on acceptable methods and uses expanding Technologies to capture, convey, store, treat and distribute exist Need better information on savings from infrastructure reduction and energy Has a element of homeland security Need clear state guidance on use 24
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