C Programming Language with Applications. Lecture 2: Introduction to C Programming Language
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1 C Programming Language with Applications Lecture Note 2 Intro to C Programming Language Professor Paul I. Lin, lin@ipfw.edu P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 1 Lecture 2: Introduction to C Programming Language Review C programming Environments: MS Visual Studio.NET and Visual C++ Write a C program under Windows Environment Characteristics of C Basic Elements of a C Programming Data Types Example 3-1: Adding Two Integers Example 3-2: Running Adding Two Integers As DOS Command Reserved Keywords P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 2 1
2 C Programming Environments C Programming Environments Linux/Unix Console Applications (Character-oriented) using ANSI C libraries and API (Application Program Interface) functions Windows 32 Console Applications (Character-oriented) using ANSI C standard libraries Windows Applications using API functions P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 3 Writing C Programs Using MS Visual C++ Edit a new program Use the mouse to click on the File menu and then choose File New Project (to create a new project) Win32 Console Applications: Application type - > Console Application; Application Option -> Empty project Edit a C program (Example - welcome.c) Project -> Add New Item -> C++ File -> welcome.c Save the program Save the program (from the File menu) File Save or Save As File Name: welcome.c P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 4 2
3 Writing C Programs Using MS Visual C++ (continue) Compile and build the program From Build menu, choose Build Build Solution When syntax error occurs, click on the error line and correct errors Run and test the program Debug Start without Debugging, to run program Or run the executable code directly under DOS environment P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 5 Characteristics of C Basic C Characteristics A General Purpose Programming Language Highly Portable Generate Fast Codes Small Size Language Relative Low-level: Memory access (& address), register C Standard library functions P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 6 3
4 Characteristics of C (continue) Modern Control Structures: - if, if-else, for, while, do-while, switch, case, Bit-wise operations: & (AND) (OR) ~ (NOT) ^ (EXOR) << (Left Shift) >> (Right Shift) Logical operations: && Logical AND Logical OR P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 7 Characteristics of C (continue) Pointer Implementation Data Types: char (signed or unsigned, small integer) int (signed or unsigned, short 16-bit, long) float and double Arrays: char arrays (strings), int arrays, float arrays, etc Pointers: char, int, float, struct, functions, pointers struct (record) bit-field struct and union P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 8 4
5 Commonly used Terms in Programming Languages Statements Describe some program actions Example: printf( Welcome to C \n ); Execute for its effect Type of Statements Declaration statement Expression statement (arithmetic operations, assignment, function calls) Compound statements (a series of statement to be treated as a single statement) Selection statement (if, else, switch) Iteration statement (while, do, for) Jump statement (break, continue, return) P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 9 C Identifiers (Variable names) A sequence of letters, digits, underscores Must begin with a letter (not a digit) Cannot be a key word Can be any length, but only the first 31 characters are recognized Case sensitive (lower and upper -case letters are treated differently) Examples: x x1 name Number accountnumber value P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 10 5
6 Escape Sequence The backslash (\) is called an escape character. When encountering a backslash in a string, the complier looks ahead for the next character and combines it with the backslash to form an escape sequence. Example: Printf( Welcome to C \n ); Escape Sequence Description \n New Line \t Horizontal Tab \a Alert Sound the system bell \\ Insert a backslash in a string \ Insert a double quote in a string \000 octal number \xhh hexadecimal number P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 11 lvalues & rvalues lvalues means left values, variable names are said to be lvalues because they can be used on the left side of an assignment operator rvalues means right values, constants are said to be rvalues because they can be used only on the right side of an assignment operator A lvalue is an expression referring to an object that may be altered An object is a region of memory that can be examined and stored into P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 12 6
7 Basic Elements of C Basic Elements include: Character set Constants Variables Data types Reserved Words Expressions Preprocessor Functions Operators P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 13 Basic Elements of C (continue) Character set A, Z, a,. z, 0, 1, 2,, 9, and special symbols Constants Integer constants: Octal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Decimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 hexadecimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, a, b, c, d, e, f or (A, B, C, D, E, F) Example: decimal 31 can be written as octal 037, or as hexadecimal 0x1f P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 14 7
8 Basic Elements of C (continue) ASCII character constants: a, A,.. z, Z, 0, 1, 2, 9 String constants: W or The C programming Language Floating-point number constants E-6 Variables Data types char, int, long, float, constant, etc. P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 15 Data Types Integer types include char, int, short, and long Type Description char byte (8-bit) or 32-bit integer ( ) int integer (32-bit) integer 16-bit (-32, ,767) short 16-bit integer signed long long integer (double size of integer) unsigned char unsigned int unsigned short unsigned long P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 16 8
9 Data Types (continue) Floating-point types represent floating-point (real) numbers Type Description float single precision floating point number double double precision floating point number long double Constants types includes literal constants, Symbolic constants Type Description literal actual number or characters Symbolic named associated with literal case sensitive P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 17 Example 2-1: Adding Two Integers Adding two integers Using scanf() function to obtain two integer typed numbers entered by a user at the keyboard Calculating the sum of both values Printing the result using printf() function Run the program as a command under MS DOS Command window (Run -> command) Window 32 Command window (Run -> cmd) P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 18 9
10 Example 2-2: Running Compiled Adding Two Integers Program as DOS Command P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 19 Example 2-2: Running Compiled Adding Two Integers Program as DOS Command P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 20 10
11 Reserved Keywords C s Keywords auto double int struct break else long switch case enum register typedef char extern return union const float short unsigned continue for signed void default goto sizeof volatile do if static while P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 21 Reserved Keywords for Visibility and Life Time Controls Auto -- dynamic, local to a program or function module; short term variables on stack memory Extern -- to be available at the program linking time Static -- long term variables on data memory Volatile -- advise an optimizing compiler that the variable is important and do not attempt to remove it if it not used Const -- longest life, cannot be altered after the definition; read only P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 22 11
12 Expressions Expression is a statement or a part of a statement. Simple expression x + y Simple decision making If else Multiple decision making switch default case break P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 23 Iteration Control Iteration uses a repetition structure Examples: for - for loop iteration while - while loop do/while - do/while continue - exit the inner loop and restart from the outer loop break - exit a block P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 24 12
13 Preprocessors Preprocessing occurs before a program is compiled. Its actions are the inclusion of other files, definition of symbolic constants and macros, conditional compilation of program code and conditional execution of preprocessor directives. #include preprocessor directive #define preprocessor directive Symbolic constants Macros Conditional compilation #error and #program preprocessor directives # and ## Operators Line Numbers Predefined Symbolic Constants Assertions P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 25 Functions Functions allow the programmer to modularize a program. All variables defined in function definitions are local variables they are known only in the function in which they are defined. return -- return from a function and go back to caller void -- no values associated with parameter or arguments in a function A list of parameters as local variables Examples: int main() printf( Welcome to C \n ); scanf( Enter Input %d, &intetger1); P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 26 13
14 Summary Review C programming Environments Write C programs under Windows Environment Characteristics of C Basic Elements of the C Programming Data Types Reserved Keywords Write a Simple Addition Program in C Next Constants and Variables Operators of the C Language P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 27 Question? P I. Lin - Lect 2. Intro to C Language 28 14
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