HOW DO DRINKING CULTURES CHANGE?...OR DO THEY?... EVIDENCE OF TRANSITIONS IN DENMARK

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1 HOW DO DRINKING CULTURES CHANGE?...OR DO THEY?... EVIDENCE OF TRANSITIONS IN DENMARK Kim Bloomfield, Dr.P.H., professor, Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University For presentation at the National Alcohol Conference 2016, Akohol & Samfund AU UNIVERSITET

2 Motivation for present study: price drops consumption goes up This has often been demonstrated

3 But what if you find this?? price drops consumption decreases or stays the same For example: Nordic Tax Study ( ) in Denmark, Sweden and Finland

4 Our research question: Is Denmark s drinking culture changing? Painting: P.S. Krøyer Hip Hip Hurra 1888

5 Factors influencing a drinking culture 1. Alcohol consumption and problems 2. Taxes and prices, purchasing power 3. physical availability and access to alcohol 4. alcohol advertising and promotion 5. structural changes 6. Cultural customs 7. Norms and attitudes toward alcohol, cultural politics 8. societal responses to alcohol problems (adapted from Room et al, 2009)

6 Sources of data For study period of ca : Survey data: general population surveys from ; 2011 Registry data from Statistics Denmark, Statens Serum Institut Eurostat Legislation

7 RESULTS

8 Registry data

9 Survey Data: reported average consumption in grams alcohol men women

10 Survey Data: mean number of problems men women

11 TAXES ON SPIRITS, WINE AND BEER Taxes on spirits / wine / beer (per litre 100% ethanol in DKK) wine 13% alcohol spirits beer

12 PRICES: PURCHASING POWER AND PRICE INDICES Alcohol consumption declined although alcohol prices did not increase at the same rate as purchasing power

13 AVAILABILITY CHANGES: MINIMUM AGE LAWS 1 July 2004 shops may not sell alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content of 1.2% or higher to persons less than 16 years of age. 21 October 2008 it is not legal to serve alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content of 16.5% or higher to persons less than 18 years of age. 7 March 2011 persons less than 18 years of age are not allowed to buy (in shops) alcohol with an alcoholic content of 16.5% or higher.

14 PROPORTION OF 15-YEAR-OLD DANISH BOYS AND GIRLS WHO DRANK ANY ALCOHOL WEEKLY, HBSC DATA Source: Andersen et al (2015). Secular trends in alcohol drinking among Danish 15 year olds: comparable representative samples from 1988 to Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(4):

15 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES: PROPORTION OF FOREIGN-BORN AMONG YOUTH

16 ATTITUDES Percentage who agree with statements on Danish drinking Danish youth drink too much Adult Danes drink too much

17 ATTITUDES (CONT.) 90 Percentage of those who agree with restrictions on drinking locations It should be prohibited to drink alcohol at the workplace It should be prohibited to drink alcohol in public places, pedestrian streets, etc.

18 Societal responses: Debate column WHY IS IT IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY NO TO ALCOHOL IN DENMARK? -POLITIKEN, 3 MAY 2015

19 SUMMING UP - A CHECK LIST FACTOR CHANGES? consumption problems Prices/taxes Purchasing power Minimum age laws (advertising demographics attitudes Societal responses decreased increased increased increased stricter stricter) fewer drinkers? more critical more debate?

20 WHAT NEXT? Hopefully a new survey to look for more changes Continued monitoring with new and more data

21 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

22 AU UNIVERSITET

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