Introduction to Homeland Security

Transcription

1 Introduction to Homeland Security Chapter 12 Technology Technology Fastest developing homeland security field DHS announced from the beginning that it is committed to using cutting-edge technologies and scientific talent Created the Directorate of Science and Technologies for this purpose Technology Expenditures Billions have already been spent by DHS and other agencies on developing and exploiting technologies for use in EM and against terrorism Many have resulted in innovative and useful systems However, not all efforts have been successful 1

2 Technology Issues Some feel that the focus on technology is not necessarily decreasing vulnerabilities, but is leading to a reliance on technologies that could fail Either way, the increase in the use of, and the investment in technologies for homeland security has changed our way of life in the US Overview of Involved Agencies and Budget DHS has the most obvious stake in homeland security-related related research efforts, but there are many other federal agencies involved Pre-existing existing research programs conducted by other organizations were given new direction & resources to respond to new terrorism threats Over 20% of all R&D funding is managed by DHS Overview of Involved Agencies and Budget (cont.) 7 FEDERAL HS R&D BUDGET (in billions) FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 2

3 Overview of Involved Agencies and Budget (cont.) DHS created the Directorate for Science and Technology (S&T Directorate) in order to coordinate and manage R&D efforts As of FY 2006, all DHS R&D efforts were consolidated under S&T Primary research and development arm of DHS DHS S&T Directorate (cont.) Helps push the innovation envelope and drive development and the use of technology in support of homeland security in partnership with: Pi Private sector National laboratories Universities Other government agencies (foreign and domestic) DHS S&T Directorate (cont.) Responsible for setting the national agenda and giving direction and setting priorities for R&D efforts in other departments and agencies, regardless of funding source S&T is unique among federal agencies in that it has responsibility for the entire cycle of science and technology From product research to bringing the product to the market to deploying it 3

4 DHS S&T Directorate (cont.) Directorate is focused on enabling its customers to secure the Nation, e.g.: Border Patrol Agents Coast Guardsmen Airport baggage screeners Federal Air Marshals State, local, and Federal emergency responders S&T is led by a DHS Undersecretary, who is responsible for managing the research and development of technology through the administration of six primary divisions S&T Lead Groups Support to the Homeland Security Enterprise and First Responder Group (FRG) Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency Acquisition Support and Operations Analysis Research and Development Partnership Support to the Homeland Security Enterprise & 1 st Responders Office for Interoperability & Compatibility Technology Clearinghouse/ R-Tech National Urban Security Technology Lab (NUSTL) 4

5 DHS S&T Directorate Divisions Support to the Homeland Security Enterprise & 1 st Responders Identifies, validates, & facilitates the fulfillment of 1 st Responder requirements throuhg the use of existing & emerging technologies, knowledge products, & the acceleration of standards Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency Borders & Maritime Security Chem/Bio Defense Cyber Security Explosives Human Factors/ Behavioral Sciences Infrastructure Protection & Disaster Management DHS S&T Directorate Divisions Homeland Security Advanced Research Project Agency (HSARPA) Based on the existing Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) Functions: Distributes resources within the directorate Awards money for extramural grants Develops and tests potential technologies Accelerates or prototypes development of technologies for deployment 5

6 DHS S&T Directorate HSHARPA Divisions Borders and Maritime Security Division Develops and transitions tools and technologies that improve the security of our Nation s borders and waterways, without impeding flow of commerce and travelers DHS S&T Directorate HSHARPA Divisions (cont.) Chemical and Biological Division Works to increase the Nation s preparedness against chemical and biological threats through: Improved threat awareness Advanced surveillance and detection Protective countermeasures DHS S&T Directorate HSHARPA Divisions (cont.) Explosives Division Develops the technological capabilities to detect, interdict, and lessen the impacts of non-nuclear nuclear explosives used in terrorist attacks against: Mass transit Civil aviation Critical infrastructure 6

7 DHS S&T Directorate HSHARPA Divisions (cont.) Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division Applies the social and behavioral sciences to improve detection, analysis, and understanding and response to homeland security threats DHS S&T Directorate HSHARPA Divisions (cont.) Infrastructure Protection & Disaster Management Division Focuses on identifying and mitigating the vulnerabilities of the 18 critical infrastructure t and key assets that keep our society and economy functioning DHS S&T Directorate Acquisition Support & Operations Analysis Serves as a conduit for DHS components seeking support on a range of technical & analytical requirements & documenting development throughout the acquisition life cycle Made up of: Office of Systems Engineering Capstone Analysis & Requirements Office Test & Evaluation and Standards Office 7

8 DHS S&T Directorate Research & Development Partnerships Conducts effective stakeholder outreach & engagement through close partnerships with eight DHS science & technology groups Groups include: Interagency office Office of National Labs Office of Public-Private Private Partnerships Office of university programs Homeland Security Science & Tech Advisory Committee Exec. Dir. & National Science and Tech Council Liaison Special Project Office Federal R&D Funding By Agency (in millions of dollars) S&T Focus Areas Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Information and Infrastructure (I&I) Laboratories and Research Facilities Maritime Research 8

9 WMD R&D S&T will tap into scientific and technological capabilities to provide the means to detect and deter WMD attacks S&T will guide research efforts to meet predicted needs and will work closely with: Universities The private sector National and federal laboratories Divided into two fields Chem/bio Radilogical/Nuclear WMD R&D Support Agencies Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense Information Analysis Center (CBRNIAC) Defense Threat Reduction Agency The State Department The Center for Disease Control (CDC) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Information and Infrastructure R&D DHS has been given the primary responsibility for detecting and deterring attacks on the national information systems and critical infrastructures S&T is developing a national research and development enterprise to support this mission The three main issues are: Internet security Telecommunication Security systems 9

10 I&I R&D Support Agencies The SANS (Systems Administration, Audit, Network, Security) Institute The CERT Coordination Center The National Communications System Laboratories and Research Facilities R&D function is the most important aspect of the S&T Directorate Executed through the Office of National Laboratories (ONL) Provides a coordinated, enduring core of productive science, technology, and engineering laboratories, organizations, and institutions, which can provide the knowledge and technology required to secure the Nation Laboratories and Research Facilities DOE Labs Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (Livermore, CA) Focuses on defending against catastrophic terrorist attacks Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos, NM) Focuses on: Radiological science and technology Critical infrastructure protection Chemical and biological science and technology Sandia National Laboratories (Albequerque, NM & Livermore, CA) Active in the development of science-based technologies to support national security Focuses on: Nuclear weapons Non-proliferation and assessments Military technologies and applications Energy and infrastructure assurance 10

11 Laboratories and Research Facilities DOE Labs (cont.) Argonne National Laboratory (Chicago, IL) Emergency Preparedness Environmental Assessment Nonproliferation Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY) Nuclear and high-physics Physics and chemistry of materials Environmental and energy research Nonproliferation Neurosciences and medical imaging Structural biology Laboratories and Research Facilities - DOE Labs (cont.) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, TN) Chemical/Biological Detection Military Equipment Assessment Mass Spectroscopy Models and Simulations Multipurpose Technologies Personal Protection Tagging and Tracking Sensors Data Management Software Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Richland, WA) Main focus is on the non-proliferation of WMD and associated delivery systems Other DOE Labs Laboratories and Research Facilities DHS Labs National Urban Security Technology Laboratory (NUSTL) (Manhattan, NY) Focuses on preventing, protecting against, and responding to radiological and nuclear events Modeling atmospheric transport International Environmental Sample Archive Nonproliferation detection/deterrence Global Radioactivity Sampling Network Plum Island Animal Disease Center (to close) (Plum Island, NY) Operated by DHS Conducts research to prevent or control foreign or emerging animal diseases 11

12 Laboratories and Research Facilities (cont.) HHS Labs HHS operates several laboratories focused on wide-ranging health and disease prevention issues US Customs Laboratory & Scientific Services The US Customs Laboratory and Scientific Services do testing to determine the origin of agricultural and manufactured products Academic Research Institutions & HS Centers of Excellence Academic Research Institutions Represent an estimated one-third of the total federal budget available for R&D activities HS Centers of Excellence Facilitated by the S&T Office of University Programs Engages academic community to create learning & research environments in homeland security DHS invests in university-based partnerships to develop centers of multi-disciplinary research where important fields of inquiry can be analyzed & best practices developed, debated, & shared Maritime Research The US Coast Guard Research & Development Center Tasked with conducting research to support defense of maritime resources & the homeland RDT&E program produces 2 types of products: 1) Development of hardware, procedures and systems that directly contribute to increasing the quality and productivity of the operations 2) Expansion of knowledge related to technical support of operating and regulatory programs 12

13 DHHS Research Agencies National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bioterrorism-related related research 2006 priorities include the development of vaccines for diseases with bioterrorism applications, & the funding of pre-clinical development of potential therapies for use in bioterrorism attacks Most funds to go to the National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Agency (BARDA) DoD Research In FY12, R&D funding decreased 11%, to $2.115B Majority of DoD R&D funding provided through the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) DARPA works mainly on applications that serve the needs of the military The outcome of this research, however, often has applications that can be applied by civilian first responders Chemical and Biological Defense Program USDA Research Since 9/11 attacks, research funding has ranged from less than $50M to over $170M (FY2012 = $88M) Main effort to protect dangerous pathogens which could be used as terror weapons, located in many laboratories dispersed throughout the US Aimed at protecting the US food supply from acts of sabotage and terrorism 13

14 EPA Research Since 9/11, EPA has seen steady but small Federal allocation of homeland security R&D funding EPA HS research divided primarily between two focus areas: 1) Drinking water security research 2) Decontamination ti research EPA also conducts threat & consequence assessments, & testing potential biodefense & other decontamination technologies National Homeland Security Research Center develops expertise & products to prepare for / respond to terrorism public health & environmental emergencies Dept. of Commerce Research National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) Funds R&D on many areas & provides scientific & technical support to the DHS Projects include: Strengthening structural & fire safety standards Improved materials for structures Cyber security standards & technologies Cyber security of electric power & industrial control systems Enhanced threat detection & protection Tools for law enforcement Emergency response NSF Research The National Science Foundation (NSF) funds research to combat bioterrorism in the areas of infectious diseases & microbial genome sequencing 14