Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases

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1 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases Silja Bühler 10 April 2014 Page 1

2 Table of Contents 1. Increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases 2. Example from the travel medicine clinic 3. Existing recommendations for vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases 4. Existing data on vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases under immunosuppression with a focus on biological drugs - live vaccines - inactivated vaccines 5. Recommendations 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 2

3 Increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases Risk of a confirmed infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is 1.7 times higher compared to healthy individuals Because of underlying condition Because of immunosuppressive/immunomodulating therapy 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 3

4 Infections preventable by vaccinations Increased risk of infection Influenza Pneumococcal infection HPV infection (SLE) Herpes zoster Severe courses of disease reported Hepatitis B Varicella Measles References: Blumentals, W., et al. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012 / Wotton, CJ,. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012 / Santana. Clin Rheumatol 2011 / Smitten, Arthritis Care & Research 2007 / Durmus et al, Rheumatol Int 2013 / Vonkeman, et al,j Rheumatol 2004 / Takahashii et al, J. Clin. Immunol April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 4

5 Table of Contents 1. Increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases 2. Example from the travel medicine clinic 3. Existing recommendations for vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases 4. Existing data on vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases under immunosuppression with a focus on biological drugs - live vaccines - inactivated vaccines 5. Recommendations 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 5

6 Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine Travel medicine clinic (i) Patient - female, 35 years old, with long history of rheumatoid arthritis - Tx: etanercept, 15mg methotrexate / week Journey - 3 weeks in Brazil with husband - Rio de Janeiro - Iguaçu waterfalls - tour on amazon river from Belém to Manaus 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 6

7 Travel medicine clinic (ii) 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 7

8 For a journey to Brazil, there should be protection against Diphtheria, Tetanus Hepatitis A Hepatitis B: in case of longer stay or at risk Typhoid fever: recommended in case of stay >4 weeks and for groups at risk (e.g. insufficient food hygiene): Vivotif, Typhim Vi Rabies: for travellers with high individual risk or stay >6 months for immunodeficient travellers: Influenza and Pneumococcal disease Mumps, Measles, Rubella (if born after 1963) Varicella (if <40 years of age) Yellow Fever: depending on destination (recommended for Iguaçu and Amazon) 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 8

9 Table of Contents 1. Increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases 2. Example from the travel medicine clinic 3. Existing recommendations for vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases 4. Existing data on vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases under immunosuppression with a focus on biological drugs - live vaccines - inactivated vaccines 5. Recommendations 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 9

10 patients with autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) without immunosuppressive therapy may be vaccinated like any other healthy traveller patients with autoimmune diseases with immunosuppressive therapy may not be vaccinated with live vaccines such as yellow fever 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 10

11 Where does the fear of live vaccinations in immunodeficient travellers come from? Risk of infection through vaccination BUT no severe side effects in patients with rheumatic diseases under immunosuppressive therapy after administration of live vaccine have been reported 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 11

12 Under which conditions is the administration of live vaccines possible? Live vaccinations may be administered if low-dose or short-term corticosteroid therapy (<20mg/day prednisone or equivalent) or if applied locally sulfasalazine / mesalazine hydroxychloroquine Herpes zoster vaccine may be administered in case of low-dose immmunosuppression methotrexate ( 0.4mg / kg / week) azathioprine ( 3.0 mg / kg / day) 6-mercaptopurine ( 1.5mg / kg / day) References: CDC Yellow Book 2014 / Prevention of Herpes Zoster Recommendations of Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008 / SGR, April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 12

13 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 13

14 Reference: Eperon, G., Vaudaux, B. Vaccination chez levoyageur immunosupprimé. Rev Med Suisse 2013 ; 9 : April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 14

15 Table 1: Immunsuppressants and Vaccinations 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 15

16 Table 2 (mostly based on half lives expert opinion) Time interval between immunosuppressive agent and live vaccination 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 16

17 One dose of the 13-valent conjugate vaccine (Prevenar ) generate antibody responses with higher affinity generate longer-lasting immune responses induce development of memory B cells booster vaccinations are possible In contrary, in case of polysaccharid vaccines, secondary vaccinations generate weak immune responses only due to lack of memory cells A minimum time interval of 12 months should elapse since last pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination (Pneumovax ) 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 17

18 Safety of administration of live vaccines to contacts of immunocompromised persons 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page IDSA guidelines

19 Table of Contents 1. Increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases 2. Example from the travel medicine clinic 3. Existing recommendations for vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases 4. Existing data on vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases under immunosuppression with a focus on biological drugs - live vaccines - inactivated vaccines 5. Recommendations 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 19

20 Live vaccines Mumps, Measles and Rubella MMR Booster has been safe in 207 juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients of which 49 patients received methotrexate 6 patients received classical DMARDs 1 patient received TNF inhibitor MMR Booster has been safe and immunogenic in 15 JIA patients (6-17y) under therapy with low-dose methotrexate in some cases in combination with etanercept MMR Booster has been safe and immunogenic in 63 JIA patients of which - 6 patients received etanercept - 3 patients received anakinra after pausing during 5 half-lives (half-lives are 2 days for anakinra and 2 weeks for etanercept) Heijstek et al, Ann Rheum. Dis April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Borte et al, Rheumatology 2009 Heijstek et al, JAMA 2013 Page 20

21 Live vaccines Yellow Fever a secondary yellow fever vaccination has been safe in 70 patients with rheumatic diseases (of which 54 with rheumatoid arthritis) under therapy with methotrexate corticosteroids sulfasalazine leflunomide cyclophosphamide biologicals a secondary yellow fever vaccination has been safe in 17 patients with rheumatoid arthritis under therapy with infliximab, in some cases with 15-20mg methotrexate per week. The yellow fever vaccination has been administered 1 month after infliximab therapy In tendency, the vaccination was less immunogenic in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in the 14 healthy controls De Mota et al, Rev da Soc Bras Med Trop April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Scheinberg et al, Arthritis Care & Research Page

22 Live vaccines Varicella A primary varicella vaccination was safe in 25 patients with juvenile rheumatic diseases (of these 20 showed negative varicella antibody titers). All patients were treated with methotrexate (12-25mg/ m 2 / week) 13 patients additionally received prednisone (2-20mg/ day) 5 patients additionally received classical DMARDs (cyclosporine, leflunomide, penicillamine) limited immunogenicity number of people developing a positive antibody titer: 10 out of 20 (50%) seronegative patients versus 13 out of 18 (72.2%) health controls 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 22

23 Live vaccines Herpes zoster retrospective analysis in > people insured in «medicare», 60 years of age Herpes zoster vaccination was safe and immunogenic in patients with the following conditions: rheumatoid arthritis psoriasis psoriatic arthritis ankylosing spondylitis auto-inflammatory bowel diseases under treatment with nonbiological DMARDs, corticosteroids, TNF inhibitors (etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab, golimumab) und other biologicals (abatacept, rituximab) 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 23

24 Replication capacity of live vaccines high risk: yellow fever medium risk: measles low risk: varicella, rubella, mumps negligible risk: oral typhoid vaccine (Vivotif ) 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 24

25 Table of Contents 1. Increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases 2. Example from the travel medicine clinic 3. Existing recommendations for vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases 4. Existing data on vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases under immunosuppression with a focus on biological drugs - live vaccines - inactivated vaccines 5. Recommendations 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 25

26 Inactivated vaccines in patients with and without immunosuppressive therapy are safe! 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 26

27 Inactivated vaccines in patients with and without immunosuppressive therapy are but immunogenic as well? 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 27

28 Inactivated vaccines and biologicals (mostly trials with small sample sizes) TNF Alpha inhibitor (most data available) okay for seasonal influenza, H1N1, pneumococcal vaccine limited for Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B) TNF Alpha inhibitor plus methtotrexate - considerably reduced (pneumococcal, hepatitis A vaccine) Abatacept considerably reduced (H1N1, pneumococcal, tetanus vaccine) Rituximab depends on time point of vaccine administration! up to 6 months after rituximab therapy, antibody immune response quasi inexistent (seasonal influenza, H1N1, pneumococcial, tetanus vaccine) 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 28

29 Recap: patient example Patient female, 35 years old, with long history of rheumatiod arthritis Tx: etanercept, 15mg methotrexate / week Journey 3 weeks in Brazil toghether with husband Rio de Janeiro Iguaçu waterfalls tour through amazon from Belém to Manaus 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 29

30 recommended inactivated vaccinations and consequences for our patient Diphtheria, Tetanus if no vaccination in past 10 years Influenza Pneumococcal disease vaccination Hepatitis A Hepatitis B in case of longer stay or at risk vaccination and antibodies Typhoid fever: Vivotif, Typhim Vi Rabies for travellers with high individual risk or stay >6 months discuss risk, vaccination not required for this journey 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 30

31 recommended live vaccinations and consequences for our patient Mumps Measles Rubella Varicella do not vaccinate! history of disease? vaccinated 2 times? antibody titer? vaccination of contacts (e.g. family) interruption of therapy? Yellow Fever do not vaccinate! advise against journey in areas with risk of infection prior vaccination: antibody titer? pause etanercept for > 1 month, vaccination possible under MTX 15mg / week in individual cases* * This recommendation is based on expert opinions and is being applied at Service de Médecine Tropicale et Humanitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève since This recommendation requires future follow-up. 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 31

32 Table of Contents 1. Increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases 2. Example from the travel medicine clinic 3. Existing recommendations for vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases 4. Existing data on vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases under immunosuppression with a focus on biological drugs - live vaccines - inactivated vaccines 5. Recommendations 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 32

33 Recommendations (i) administration of vaccines as soon as possible after diagnosis and prior to start of immunosuppression inactivated vaccines up to 2 weeks live vaccines up to 4 weeks prior to start of therapy there is no evidence for vaccines to cause exacerbation or first occurrence of rheumatic diseases patients with rheumatic diseases without immunosuppressive therapy may be vaccinated the same way as a healthy person, with both live and inactivated vaccines 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 33

34 Recommendations (ii) inactivated vaccines may be administered to patients with rheumatic diseases under immunosuppression but immunogenicity may be reduced administer when immunosuppression is at the lowest in case of Rituximab: think of time lag! In addition to generally recommended vaccinations, vaccines against seasonal influenza pneumococcal disease shoud be administered Hepatitis B vaccination can be administered generously HPV vaccination should be administered to women between 11 and 26 years of age with systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE) 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 34

35 Recommendations (iii) If patient is under immunosuppressive therapy, administration of live vaccines should be avoided, but there are exeptions: low-dose corticosteroid therapy local steroid therapy hydroxychloroquine Herpes zoster under low-dose corticosteroid therapy low dose azathioprine low dose methotrexate low dose 6-mercaptopurine Novel exeption in individual cases, administration of live vaccines to clinically stable patients under low dose methotrexate (<20mg / week) is possible* Alternatives to administration of live vaccines measurement of antibody titer e.g. after yellow fever vaccination, in many people, protective antibodies remain for more than 20 years * This recommendation is based on expert opinions and is being applied at Service de Médecine Tropicale et Humanitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève since This recommendation requires future follow-up. 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 35

36 Recommendations (iv) if possible, choose conjugate vaccines over polysaccarid vaccines. Example: preferably administer Pevenar instead of Pneumovax vaccination of people living in the same household as immunocompromised person and people working in health care seasonal influenza varicella as well as mumps, measles and rubella 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 36

37 Thank you...for your attendance and interest. Please don t hesitate to get in touch silja.buehler@ifspm.uzh.ch 10 April 2014 Vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases, Silja Bühler Page 37

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