Supplementary Online Content

Transcription

1 Supplementary Online Content Martin LA, Neighbors HW, Griffith DM. The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 28, doi: /jamapsychiatry eappendix. Items Included in the Gender Inclusive Depression etable 1. Male Depression Symptoms etable 2. Gender Inclusive Depression Results: Item Endorsement, Mean Score, and Prevalence of Male Depression Prevalence This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work American Medical Association. All rights reserved. 1

2 eappendix: Items Included in the Gender Inclusive Depression Construct Item(s) and Interview Section of NCS R Questionnaire Stress During the last month how often did you have a lot of psychological distress? a (Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never) During the last month how often did you feel tense/keyed up? a (Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never) Irritability Have you ever had a period of time lasting several days or longer when most of the time you were very irritable, grumpy, or in a bad mood? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Anger attack/aggression Loss of Vitality/Emptiness Have you ever had a period of time lasting several days or longer when most of the time you were so irritable that you either started arguments, shouted at people, or hit people? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Have you ever had attacks of anger when all of a sudden you lost control and broke or smashed something worth more than a few dollars? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Have you ever had an attack of anger when all of a sudden you lost control and hit or tried to hit someone? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Have you ever had an attack of anger when all of a sudden you lost control and threatened to hit or hurt someone? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) I often feel empty inside d (True, False) Have you ever had a period lasting several days or longer when you thought your life had no meaning, and things were not worth the trouble? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Tiredness Did you ever in your life have a period lasting several months or longer when you became very tired, weak, or exhausted either while performing minor everyday physical tasks like working, shopping, housekeeping, and walking, or while performing everyday mental tasks like reading, writing, and doing paperwork? c (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) How often in the last month (30 days) have you felt exhausted for no good reason? a (Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never) Indecisiveness Because of a physical, mental or emotional condition lasting three months or longer, do you have any difficulty in doing any of the following activities: Learning, remembering or concentrating? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Sleep Problems How often do you have trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep

3 nearly all the time, pretty often, not very much, or never? b (Screening) Nearly all the time, Pretty often, Not Very Often, Never, Don t Know Anxiety/Uneasiness Did you ever have a time in your life when you were much more nervous or anxious than most other people with the same problems as you? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Did you ever have a time in your life when you were a "worrier" that is, when you worried a lot more about things than other people with the same problems as you? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Alcohol/Drug Abuse Did you ever use alcohol or drugs so much that your family or friends worried about you or repeatedly complained about your use? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Did you ever use alcohol or drugs so much that it caused repeated arguments or problems either with your family or friends, people at work or school, or with the police? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Did you ever use alcohol or drugs so much that it often interfered with your responsibilities at work, at school, or at home? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Social Withdrawal Because of a physical, mental or emotional condition lasting three months or longer, did you have any difficulty over the past three months in doing any of the following activities:) Getting along with people? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Depressed Mood Have you ever in your life had a period of time lasting several days or longer when most of the day you felt sad, empty or depressed? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Have you ever had a period of time lasting several days or longer when most of the day you were very discouraged about how things were going in your life? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Have you ever had a period of time lasting several days or longer when you lost interest in most things you usually enjoy like work, hobbies, and personal relationships? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Complaintiveness During the worst month in the past year, how often did you feel worthless? b (All of the time, Most of the time, Some of the time, A little of the time, None of the time) Risk Taking Behavior During irritable episode, which of the following behavior changes did you experience: Were you interested in seeking pleasure in ways that you'd usually consider risky like casual or unsafe sexual activity, buying sprees, or reckless driving? d (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused) Hyperactivity Some people have periods of time lasting several days or longer when they feel much more excited and full of energy than usual. Their minds go too fast. They talk a lot. They are very restless or unable to sit still and they sometimes do things that are unusual for them, such

4 as driving too fast or spending too much money. Have you ever had a period of time like this lasting several days or longer? b (Yes, No, Don t Know, Refused)

5 etable 1 compares the symptoms proposed by the literature and indicates which were included in the construction of the new scales. etable 1. Male Depression Symptoms Major Depressive Episode Gotland Male Depression Masculine Depression New s Male Symptoms Gender Inclusive Depression Other Items Included Literature Stress X X X X X Irritability X X X X X Anger attacks/ Aggression X X X X X Loss of vitality/ Emptiness X X X Tiredness/Weak X X X X Indecisiveness X X X X Sleep Problems X X X X X Anxiety/Uneasiness X X X X Alcohol/Drug Abuse X X X X X Social Withdrawal X X X X X Depressed Mood X X Loss of Interest X X X X X Complaintiveness X X X X Risk-Taking Behavior X X X Hyperactivity X X X X Rationale for Excluding Items Hereditary Loading X Not a Symptom Appetite Change X X Item Inaccessible Loss of Self- Confidence X X Item Inaccessible Suicidal Thoughts X X Item Inaccessible Over-Focus Work/School X X X Not Available Blunted Affect X Not Available Over-Exercising X X Not Available Lack of Emotional Display X X Not Available Aches and Pains X X Not Available Change in Sexual Desire X X Not Available Need for Autonomy X X Not Available Externalizing Rationale X X Not Available Feeling Overburdened X X Not Available * Not a Symptom indicates that the symptom was deemed inappropriate to the current analysis. Not Available indicates that there were no variables in the dataset that measured the symptom Item Inaccessible indicates that an item existed, but the number of people for whom data was available would have severely restricted the sample size.

6 etable 2 summarizes the GIDS findings using the 5-point cutoff to identify probably depression cases. etable 2: Gender Inclusive Depression Results: Item Endorsement, Mean Score, and Prevalence of Male Depression Prevalence Item Description Total % (SE) Male % (SE) Female % (SE) Stress 35.5 (1.48) 30.9 (2.05) 39.2 (1.72)*** Irritability 33.6 (1.18) 32.5 (2.08) 34.5 (1.09) Anger attack/aggression 48.7 (1.87) 56.5 (2.71)*** 42.4 (1.99) Loss of Vitality/Emptiness 17.2 (.689) 16.8 (1.03) 17.4 (.843) Tiredness 20.5 (1.05) 21.1 (1.27) 20.0 (1.50) Indecisiveness 31.2 (1.17) 27.6 (1.51) 34.1 (1.3)*** Sleep Problems 10.3 (.509) 8.18 (.671) 12.1 (.770)*** Anxiety/Uneasiness 46.9 (1.5) 41.6 (2.09) 51.3 (1.86)*** Alcohol/Drug Abuse (.856) 24.6 (1.52)*** 10.8 (.829) Social Withdrawal 7 (.633) 7.3 (.826) 6.75 (.686) Depressed Mood 62.5 (1.44) 60.1 (1.97) 64.4 (1.72)*** Complaintiveness 10.3 (.509) 8.2 (.671) 12.1 (.770)*** Risk-Taking Behavior (.919) 21.1 (1.18)*** 8.1 (.955) Hyperactivity (.8) 19.3 (1.4)*** 14.4 (.714) Mean score Prevalence 32.3% 30.6% 33.3 Note: * p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01, *** p< 0.001