LGBTQ History: Same Sex Love in Greece

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1 1 LGBTQ History: Same Sex Love in Greece 6 th Grade World History: Ancient Civilizations Supporting Materials: John Boswell Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe (1994) and Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality (1980) Lesson Information Overview Greek society accepted and even celebrated same sex love especially between men. Integration This information can be integrated into lessons about: Greek culture and society Marriage Philosophy The military It is useful as a way to show how other cultures can have very different ideas about gender, marriage, love, sexism, and families. Relevance These examples show a society that fully accepted homosexuality They confront current ideas that male homosexuality equates to femininity, both through Greek attitudes and the importance of homosexuality in the military traditions. Themes Social structures Ancient Greek society was widely tolerant of same sex love.

2 2 Same sex love and attraction was so common that it was not considered an identity it was considered a question of personal preference, in the way some people are attracted to people with blonde hair while others like people with dark hair. It was openly discussed in society. Plays, songs and stories were written about it and performed as high culture. In many Greek city-states, people thought that love between men was the highest form of love. Philosophers wrote about it. They believed that the only true love was between equals. Because Greek society was deeply sexist, women were considered to be less than men. Therefore, the thinking went, men and women could never reach the highest form of love because their love could never be the love of equals. Being attracted to other men was not considered to make a man more feminine or effeminate. In fact, many men considered men who were attracted to women to be less manly. They thought it was more manly to be attracted to men instead of being interested in feminine beauty. Marriage and Same-sex unions Marriage in Athenian society, as in many cultures, was considered more of an economic arrangement and a union between two families. Love was secondary consideration. Society tolerated the idea that men would find love and companionship outside of their marriage. Often, men would have male lovers. (Women were not allowed to have other male lovers because family bloodlines played a central role in inheritance.) Greece had same sex unions in the form of Collateral Adoption, where people of the same sex would adopt each other as siblings, giving their lover full rights of social status, property and inheritance. Collateral adoptions were similar to our modern idea of Civil Unions legal unions that were not marriage.

3 3 Same sex couples did not bother get married because marriage was actually an unequal relationship the man owned the woman. Collateral Adoption was actually a superior, more equal arrangement. Philosophy and Culture Plato As an example of the importance of male-male love in Greek philosophy, Plato wrote that the love between men inspired the best virtues in men. He argued that societies that outlawed it were weaker, less democratic, and less vigorous. In the Symposium, he wrote: It (gratifying lovers) is shameful to barbarians because of their despotic government, just as philosophy and athletics are, since it is apparently not in the best interests of such rulers to have great ideas engendered in their subjects, or powerful friendships or physical unions, all of which love is apt to produce. Our own tyrants learned this lesson through bitter experience, when the love of Aristogiton and Harmodius grew so strong that it shattered their power. Wherever, therefore, it has been established that it is shameful to be involved in gratifying lovers, this is due to evil on the part of legislators, to despotism on the part of the rulers, and to cowardice on the part of the governed. NB: This quote is too difficult for 6 th graders (high school students have a hard time working through it). It is included for your information as a teacher. NB: Aristogiton and Harmodious were Athenian nobles who led the uprising against the Athenian tyrants. They were lovers and the tyrant, in an attempt to crush their leadership, separated and jailed them. Sappho

4 4 Sappho was considered one of the greatest poets in Greek history. Plato wrote They say there are nine Muses. They are wrong, there is a tenth Sappho. She wrote over 10 volumes of poetry. Sappho wrote about love in all its forms. Much of her writing was deeply felt poems about her love and desire for women. Sappho lived on the island of Lesbos. In the 1920s, homosexual women in Paris began to call themselves Lesbian in homage to Sappho. Same Sex love in the Military In our current era, our society has had long running debates about gays in the military. In Greece, homosexuality was an important part of their military tradition. Sparta encouraged young soldiers to have relationships with older men in order to learn military virtue and honor from them. In the Symposium, Plato wrote that An Army of Lovers would be the strongest military force in Greece because the men would never want to show weakness in front of their lovers and never abandon them in the field: And if there were only some way of contriving that a state or an army should be made up of lovers and their loves, they would be the very best and when fighting at each other's side, although a mere handful, they would overcome the world. For what lover would not choose rather to be seen by all mankind than by his beloved, either when abandoning his post or throwing away his arms? He would be ready to die a thousand deaths rather than endure this. Or who would desert his beloved or fail him in the hour of danger? In the 370s, Thebes formed an army of lovers called The Sacred Band. Thebe s Sacred Band were the Special Forces of their day. With the Sacred Band s help, Thebes became the dominant military

5 5 power in late Classical Greece when they defeated Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra. They were undefeated from 378 BCE to 338 BCE. Philip II of Macedon (Alexander s father) defeated them in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. When the rest of the Theben army broke and ran, the Sacred Band fought to the death until every one of them was killed. Phillip wept when he saw them after the battle because of their valor. He gave them a burial with full military honors, saying Perish any man who suspects that these men either did or suffered anything unseemly. Discussion and Assessment questions How did ancient Greeks see the question of gender and sexuality interrelating with love and friendship? How were Ancient Greek ideas of love similar to our cultures ideas of love? How were Ancient Greek ideas of marriage similar and different to our cultures traditions of marriage? How did they have similar ideas about what makes a man manly and how did they have different ideas?

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