Age of Exploration to 1700
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1 Age of Exploration 1400 to 1700
2 Why did Europeans begin to explore outside of Europe? Italian monopoly made Asian spices and other trade goods expensive Overland trade was dangerous, costly, and long Silk Road Trans-Saharan Routes
3 Other Europeans needed to find a water route to Asia so they could trade directly with Asia Italians had land route locked up Ottomans had taken over Byzantine Empire and closed trade Sooooo
4 Reasons to Explore Europeans wanted to: Break the Italian Monopoly GOLD (what does this mean?) Spread Christianity GOD Gain fame and adventure GLORY Thrill of exploration Influence of Renaissance (How?) Marco Polo explorations inspired young explorers» Know him
5 What did Europeans know about the world? NOT MUCH! Europeans needed to find a sea route to Asia but lacked the knowledge and the techniques needed to sail out of sight of land?
6 New technology needed for exploration Europeans did not know how to sail out of sight of land until Prince Henry the Navigator Portugal Remember him! Established a school of navigation
7 Prince Henry s School Prince Henry s school attracted the best cartographers, mathematicians, astronomers, and explorers Define cartographer Why do you need these types of people? Create new innovations for sailing and test new techniques
8 Prince Henry s school Henry the Navigator also sponsored explorations that led to a Portuguese Empire Portugal is 1 st to have an empire outside of Europe since the Romans Portugal becomes wealthy from trade
9 Technology that allowed open-sea exploration Europeans needed better maps By 1300, area around the Mediterranean was well mapped but the rest of the world was unknown As Europeans traded, they were able to get maps by Egyptians, Arabs, and Byzantines which were used to improved European maps
10 Technology that allowed open-sea exploration Ptolemy (Ancient Egyptian Greek) introduced the grid system based on latitude and longitude Remember him! Lived 100 to 178 AD His map was the best Europeans of the 1300s had
11 Technology that allowed open-sea exploration Better navigational knowledge and tools from the Arabs and Chinese Knowledge of astronomy Astrolabe Device that helped you navigate by the stars Know this term. Compass Device for direction
12 Technology that allowed open-sea exploration The Caravel Definition? New type of ship using the new innovations Multiple masts Rudder in the back Lateen sail Definition? Triangular so could be angled to catch the wind Drew little water so could be taken up shallow inlets and beached for repairs Important? Outfitted with cannons and rifles Important?
13 Age of Exploration The Causes 1. Trade with Asia 3. Technology -Wanted to trade with Asia especially China and India -Wanted silks and spices -Since the Middle Ages, Europeans had been trading with Asia along the Silk Road -too expensive 2. Land route was closed. In 1453, the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople and from then on, the land route to Asia was closed to Europeans. Italians controlled trade with Middle East. So Europeans tried to find a sea route to Asia. Thanks to new technology, Europeans could make ocean voyages. Technology like. the caravel ship the magnetic compass the astrolabe (finds latitude)
14 Vasco da Gama Portugal is the 1 st to break 1 st European to sail around Africa to India Remember him! Opened up trade with India the Italian Monopoly Portugal becomes a wealthy trading nation-- temporarily
15 Spain wants in on the action! Christopher Columbus Remember him! Wanted to sail west to reach China or Japan and establish trade for Spain Didn t realize he had actually found a new continent. Opened up the New World for colonization
16 After Columbus voyages, Spain and Portugal both claimed land outside of Europe Pope was afraid of a war between them So..
17 Pope arranges the Treaty of Tordesillas Definition? Divided the world for colonization between Spain and Portugal Line of Demarcation Definition? Portugal-east of line East Indies and Brazil Spain-west of line Most of Western Hemisphere
18 PROBLEM! No one knows how big the world is! Spain sent Ferdinand Magellan to determine where the Line of Demarcation was exactly Know him! His crew becomes the first to circumnavigate the earth Definition?
19 Remember Why did Europeans want to explore? Reasons to explore Gold God Glory
20 How New technology made long-distance sailing possible. Astrolabe, magnetic compass, the Caravel What Originally, Europeans were searching for a sea route to Asia, looking for trading partners and trade goods, especially valuable spices. When 15 th century (1400s) through the 17 th century (1600s) Age of Exploration Why To get to Asia! Where Europeans explored the world by ocean. Turned away from trade in the Med. Sea and began trade with the Americas and trade on the Atlantic Ocean. Who The giants were Columbus and Magellan.
21 Where and what did Europeans trade? Africa Mostly trading posts, not colonies Gold, slaves, ivory, etc.
22 Where and what did Europeans trade? Asia Colonized by small groups of merchants Trading companies Definition? Trading companies ruled colonies like countries
23 The Spanish conquer the Americas Hernando Cortez Remember him! Conquered the Aztec Empire Where? Leader was Montezuma Know him!
24 Francisco Pizarro Remember him! Conquered the Inca Empire Where? Leader was Atahualpa Remember him!
25 Both the Aztecs and the Incas were wealthy empires Lots of gold and silver Plenty of gold and silver mines Spain became VERY wealthy and VERY powerful for about 200 years Spanish dependence on Aztec and Incan gold eventually ruins Spanish economy Inflation devalued their money No incentives to develop other industries
26 Life in the Spanish colonies Life in the colonies reflects life in the mother country Definition of mother country? Strong Catholic influence Dictatorial rule (similar to gov t in Spain) Viceroy ruled large areas of colony Know definition of viceroy Governor answered only to the Viceroy and the King Rigid class system Peninsulares (born in Spain only ones who could hold a high colonial office) Creoles (born in colonies) Mestizo (mixed European & Indian blood) Mulatto (mixed European & African blood) Know these terms.
27 Major ports for Latin America Major cities in the Spanish colonies: Havana, Cuba Mexico City Lima, Peru Buenos Aires, Argentina Major city for Portuguese colony Sao Paulo, Brazil Know these cities.
28 Life in the English colonies 13 colonies develop democracy similar to England More opportunities for middle and lower classes Have class distinctions but not as strict
29 Religion in European colonies Christianity was introduced by Migration of colonists to new lands Conversion of indigenous peoples Definition?
30 Know which nations controlled which colonies and their religion Roman Catholic French North America Quebec Spanish Empire Mexico thru South America Portuguese Empire Brazil Protestant Most of the 13 colonies were Anglican Church of England New England was mostly Calvinist Pennsylvania, Rhode Island offered religious freedom
31 Why have a colony? Lots of competition between European nations over exploration and colonization because of the economic benefits Motivation. Could get huge profits if Had a monopoly (like the Italians) Conquered a rich area (like Spain) Neither happened Profits came more slowly after lots of hard work
32 Demand for labor Colonization led to a demand for labor Labor needed in the mines of Latin America Most colonies were agriculturally based Needed farm hands for large plantations
33 Demand for labor Tried to enslave Native Americans, but disease wiped them out Had no resistance to European diseases like measles, mumps, and smallpox
34 Demand for labor Next, moved to enslave Africans More resistant to disease Had contact with Europeans longer Resulted in the Triangular Trade Definition? Manufactured good to slaves to raw materials
35 Enslaved Africans Middle Passage Definition? Journey from the west coast of Africa to the Americas
36
37 Middle Passage
38 Middle Passage
39 Columbian Exchange Definition? Exchange of ideas, products, technology, and disease From the New World Definition? Know these products
40 Columbian Exchange From the Old World Definition? Diseases like smallpox, measles, mumps Know these products
41 Impacts of the Columbian Exchange Europe prospers from trade and Triangular Trade Americas rise of plantation system and slavery based upon race
42 Impacts of the Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade Death of millions of indigenous peoples Definition? What killed them? End of their lifestyles Had to adopt European culture
43 How did everyday life change because of the Age of Exploration? New foods Like? New products Like? New upper class and larger middle class Merchants very prosperous More job opportunities Demand more rights within societies dominated by inherited power How does this happen?
44 How did everyday life change because of the Age of Exploration? Peasant life In Latin America Basically stayed the same Still have few rights Colonies in the Americas become dumping grounds for Europe s surplus population A chance for a better life
45 How does global trade change the way people did business? How did people trade during the Middle Ages? Starting with the Renaissance Commercial Revolution Definition? Changed the way European merchants did business Market economy» Definition?
46 Commercial Revolution Beginning of how we do business today Increased use of money Change from a barter economy to a money economy Banks offered more services Deposits Loans Banknotes (paper money) Letters of credit Like a check
47 Commercial Revolution New type of businesses Joint Stock Companies Definition? Similar to today s corporations Sell stock (shares) Divided the risks and profits Dutch East Indies Co. British East India Co.
48 Commercial Revolution
49 Commercial Revolution Growth of Capitalism Definition? Free enterprise Definition? Private ownership Individual goal of making a profit
50 Commercial Revolution New type of businessmen emerge who are influenced by capitalism Entrepreneur Definition? Takes risks to start a new business Do we have entrepreneurs today?
51 Powerful trading nations of the 1700s France England The Netherlands Took over most of Portugal s possessions What else do we call The Netherlands? Notice the size of these countries. Are they powerful because of land or because of trade?
52 Notion of power changes Power of a nation now relative to the money it makes not the size of its army or the land it owns Control over trade becomes extremely important
53 Mercantilism New economic policy Goal: to make the mother country rich Power of a nation depends upon its wealth, not just land or military
54 Mercantilism Definition? Economic policy of 1600s & 1700s Purpose of having colonies was to have a source for raw materials and a buyer for manufactured goods Purpose of a colony is to make money for the mother country Help to make Mother Country self-sufficient by providing raw materials
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