Wind turbine noise A TECHNICAL, MEDICAL AND POLITICAL ISSUE
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1 Wind turbine noise A TECHNICAL, MEDICAL AND POLITICAL ISSUE
2 Wind turbine noise an issue from start Photo: Johnny Hylander Noise from wind turbines became an issue in Sweden already 1981 Maglarp, 3 MW, tower 80m, largest in the world at the time Down wind rotor noise Low frequency Operated until 1993 New start with small wind turbines
3 Mechanical and aerodynamic noise Mechanical noise from the gearbox and seeking for wind Aerodynamic noise produced by the movements of the blades through the wind Noise from ventilation and control systems? Baath, L.B. Noise spectra from wind turbines. Renewable Energy, in press S. Oerlemans, P. Sijtsmaa, B. Mendez Lopez; Journal of Sound and Vibration 299 (2007).
4 Topics Sound immission (what we hear) Response to wind turbine sound Moderating factors Possible health effects Masking possibilities Sound Response Health Situation Individual
5 From turbine to listener Variations of wind speed at the wind turbine give variation in sound levels at receiver Variations from minute to minute Sound propagation is influenced by weather conditions Forssén J, Schiff M, Pedersen E and Persson Waye K. Wind turbine noise propagation over flat ground: measurements and prediction. Acta Acustica, 2010 Variations from day to day
6 Sound qualities Amplitude modulations Broad band Pulsating variation
7 Sound qualities Low frequency Variations between turbines Indoor A-weighted one-third-octave-band sound pressure levels at the distance from a single turbine, where the total A- weighted outdoor sound pressure level is 44 db. Møller, H. and Pedersen, C.S.: Low-frequency noise from large wind-turbines. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2011
8 Sound qualities Low frequency Variations between turbines Indoor A-weighted one-third-octave-band sound pressure levels at the distance from a single turbine, where the total A- weighted outdoor sound pressure level is 35 db. Møller, H. and Pedersen, C.S.: Low-frequency noise from large wind-turbines. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2011
9 Whistling Swishing Pulsating/throbbing Resounding
10 Dose-response studies Study Study population Response rate SWE In five areas SWE In eight areas NL 07 Population selected randomly all over the Netherlands, living in the vicinity <2.5km of wind turbines >500 kw Study areas 68% Mainly agricultural, rural Flat terrain 58% Rural and suburban Flat and hilly terrain 37% (nonresponse study) Rural Rural area with major road More densely populated areas Flat terrain Wind turbines 16 Mainly kw MW MW46
11 Noticed wind turbine sound, % Response: perception < >40.0 db(a) The percentages of respondents who noticed wind turbine sound at their dwelling (with 95% confidence intervals) related to A-weighted sound pressure levels; Swedish studies (n = 1095).
12 Annoyed by wind turbine sound, % Response: annoyance < >40.0 db(a) The percentages of respondents who were annoyed (rather or very) by wind turbine sound at their dwelling (with 95% confidence intervals) related to A-weighted sound pressure levels; Swedish studies (n = 1095).
13 Response: comparisons with traffic noise Janssen, S.A., Vos, H., Eissess, A.R., Pedersen, E.: A comparison between exposure-response relationships for wind turbine annoyance and annoyance due to other noise sources. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2011
14 Notice noise, % Annoyed, % Visibility Barrier WTs visible (n = 379) WTs not visible ( n = 202) Multi-modal effect < > < >45 Pedersen, E., and Larsman, P. The impact of visual factors on noise annoyance among people living in the vicinity of wind turbines. J of Env Psych 2008, 28, Immission levels ISO, db(a) Immission levels ISO, db(a) Dose-response relation between notice and annoyed, respectively, and A-weighted sound levels among those who noticed wind turbines from their home and those who did not; the Netherland study.
15 Individual differences Attitude to wind turbines impact of the landscape General attitude to wind turbines Noise sensitivity Pedersen E and Persson Waye K. Perception and annoyance due to wind turbine noise - a dose- response relationship. J Acou Soc Am 2004, 116, Personality traits Taylor, E., Eastwick, C., Wilson, R., Lawrence, C.: The influence of negative oriented personality traits on the effects of wind turbine noise. Personality and Individual Differences, 2013.
16 Sound from wind turbines Expectation of the living environment Technical achievements Economic development Peace and quiet Restorative qualities Outside my territory No control Intrusion into my private sphere Pedersen E, Hallberg L R-M and Persson Waye K. Living in the vicinity of wind turbines a Grounded Theory study. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2007, 4, No influence Unfairness Not believed
17 % Notice % Annoyed Economic benefits > >45 No economic benefits (n = 586) Economic benefits (n = 99) Noise immission levels, db(a) Noise immission levels, db(a) Dose-response relation between notice and annoyed, respectively, and A-weighted sound levels among those who noticed wind turbines from their home and those who did not; the Netherland study. Pedersen E, Van den Berg F, Bakker R and Bouma J. Response to noise from modern wind farms in the Netherlands. J Acou Soc Am 2009, 126,
18 Masking possibilities Road traffic noise masks wind turbine noise if > 20 db : differences in diurnal variation, amplitude modulations, spectral differences Pedersen, E., van den Berg, F. Why is wind turbine noise poorly masked by road traffic noise? In: Proceedings of INTERNOISE, 39 th International congress of noise control engineering, Lisbon, June Experimental studies show that natural sounds (wind in vegetation and sound from water) could decrease annoyance Bolin, K., Kedhammar, A., Nilsson, M.E.: The influence of background sounds on loudness and annoyance of wind turbine noise. Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 2012, Wind direction important for masking Bockstael, A., et al.: Wind turbine noise: annoyance and alternatvie exposure indicators. Forum Acusticum 2012, Aalborg, Denmark
19 %Annoyed by WT %Annoyed by RT Shared moderating factors? Annoyance 100 due 80 to sound Road traffic sound, LDEN < >45 Wind turbine sound, db(a) Not annoyed by wind turbines Annoyed by wind turbines Not annoyed by road traffic Annoyed by road traffic People annoyed by wind turbine sound were more likely to report annoyance by road traffic sound People annoyed by wind turbine noise were more likely to report annoyance by road traffic sound Pedersen. E.; van den Berg, F.; Bakker, R.; Bouma, J. Can road traffic mask sound from wind turbines? Response to wind turbine sound at different levels of road traffic sound, Energy Policy,, 2010,
20 Health effects Pedersen, E., Health aspects associated with wind turbine noise results from three field studies. Noise Control Engineering Journal, 2011, 59 (1), Associations with sound exposure Associations with annoyance Sleep interruption SWE00 NL07 SWE00 SWE05 NL07 Chronic disease Diabetes High blood pressure Cardiovascular disease Tinnitus Impaired hearing SWE05 NL07 Headache SWE00 NL07 Undue tiredness Tense and stressed Irritable SWE00 SWE00 SWE05 NL07 SWE00 SWE05 NL07
21 Sleep disturbed by any noise source, % Sleep SWE00 SWE05 NL < >45 A-weighted sound pressure levels, db(a) Sleep disturbance by any noise source; percentages with 95% confidence intervals.
22 Summary On one hand... Few exposed Relatively low levels of exposure No direct health effects Possible to reduce the sound to some extend technically and with masking... but on the other Some exposed are highly annoyed High visibility enhances annoyance risk Sensitive environments Temporal variations increases awareness and hinder habituation
23 Next step Experimental studies exploring possible effects of wind turbine noise on sleep quality Longitudinal field studies following residents over time with objective health controls
24 thank you!
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