FOREWORD. Y.B. DATO SERI MOHAMED KHALED NORDIN Minister Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia

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1 FOREWORD Since its inception in 2004, the Ministry of Higher Education has vigorously embarked on initiatives to elevate the standards of higher education in Malaysia. Guided by the seven thrusts outlined in the National Higher Education Strategic Plan (NHESP), we are moving ahead aggressively towards establishing Malaysia as a regional education hub. The fi fth thrust in the NHESP calls on Malaysia to intensify internationalisation initiatives. According to UNESCO, despite being a new player in the game, Malaysia has managed to capture a 2% market share of international students in the fast growing private education sector. This has been achieved through strong collaborative efforts between local and foreign education providers, coupled with facilitative efforts from the ministry and various government agencies towards providing quality education at a very affordable cost. Our internationalisation-friendly policies have convinced a number of reputable foreign universities to set up branch campuses or faculties in the country. The success enjoyed by these foreign universities augurs well towards the setting up of more such branch faculties. Now that two dedicated corridors are being developed - namely, the Iskandar Malaysia region in Johor and the Kuala Lumpur Education city, this is the most opportune time for enterprises to invest in the setting up of branch campuses in Malaysia. Y.B. DATO SERI MOHAMED KHALED NORDIN Minister Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Our commitment towards attracting foreign entities to invest here is refl ected in the various new incentives and support packages that can be offered to higher education investors. Combined with non-fi scal incentives, supportive government policies, developed infrastructure and a large pool of talented and well-trained human resource, there has never been a better time to consider education investment in Malaysia. The Ministry of Higher Education is committed in assisting foreign partners towards achieving our aspiration to project Malaysia as the foremost regional education hub. I also wish to express my gratitude to the Private Higher Education Management Sector for its efforts in the production of this booklet. Thank you. 1

2 INTRODUCTION The government s efforts over the past 20 years in internationalisation Malaysian education and developing the private higher educational sector has made Malaysia an important higher education destination for international students from all over the world. Coupled with far-sighted human development policies, Malaysia is also a country of choice for reputable foreign universities to set up their branch campuses. Today, Malaysia already has a varied international student population of more than 70,000 from countries such as China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Iran, Maldives, Nigeria, Sudan, Yemen, India, Botswana, Thailand, Saudi Arabia and many more. Its market share for international students was ranked 11th in the world as a destination among international students. Currently, there are fi ve reputable foreign universities that have set up their branch campuses in Malaysia namely, Monash University (Australia), Curtin University of Technology (Australia), The University of Nottingham (UK), Swinburne University of Technology (Australia) and Newcastle University (UK). Malaysia aspires to be the education hub in this region by Strategic policies have been geared towards encouraging foreign universities to set up branches or faculties in Malaysia. Currently, there are about a million students enrolled at Malaysian higher educational institutions. The government s aggressive policy of human resource development in ensuring that at least 40% of the cohort aged will be pursuing higher education by 2010 is within reach. The availability of study loans for Malaysians through the National Higher Education Fund (Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional, PTPTN) and the high quality education at an affordable cost are the major contributing factors in achieving this target. 2

3 MALAYSIA S ADVANTAGE 1. Economic Strength Malaysia is a dynamic country which took decisive steps to progress from an economy dependent on agriculture and primary commodities in the sixties to a manufacturing-based, export-driven economy spurred by high technology, knowledge-based and capital-intensive industries. The structural transformation of Malaysia s economy over the last 40 years has been spectacular. Malaysia s pragmatic and fl exible management approach has enabled the economy to raise its competitiveness and enhance its resilience in facing challenging circumstances. Deliberate measures have been taken to make the economy more diversifi ed and broad-based to ensure sustainable growth. Continuous efforts have been pursued to enhance the services sector, accelerate value-added features in the manufacturing sector as well as boost the agriculture and agro-based sectors as the third engine of growth. New sources of growth continue to be promoted and developed such as biotechnology, information and communications technology, halal products and Islamic fi nance. Indeed, Malaysia is developing as a knowledge-based economy, driven by human capital, innovation and ideas Supportive Government Policies Government policies that maintain a business environment with opportunities for growth and profi ts have made Malaysia an attractive manufacturing and export base in the region. The private sector in Malaysia has become partners with the public sector in achieving the nation s development objectives 2. 1,2 3

4 4 A major factor that has attracted investors to Malaysia is the government s commitment to maintain a business environment that provides companies with the opportunities for growth and profi ts. This commitment is seen in the government s constant efforts to obtain feedback from the business community through channels of consultation such as regular government-private sector dialogues. These allow the various business communities to air their views and to contribute towards the formulation of government policies which concern them. 3. Liberal Equity Policy The current legislation, namely, the Private Higher Educational Institutions Act 1996 [Act 555] (which regulates the establishment of Private Higher Educational Institutions [PHEIs] with or without university or university college or foreign branch campus status) does not limit foreign equity participation in a higher education company. It means that 100% foreign equity may be allowed to a foreign entity but with the prior approval of the Minister of Higher Education. 4. Employment of Expatriates Foreign companies in the manufacturing sector are allowed to employ expatriates where certain skills are not available in Malaysia. A company with a foreign paid-up capital of US$2 million and above will be allowed up to 10 expatriate posts, including fi ve key posts, that is, posts that are permanently fi lled by foreigners 3. In addition, the Private Higher Educational Institutions Act 1996 [Act 555] requires any person who wants to teach in any PHEIs in Malaysia to obtain a permit to teach beforehand. This requirement is to ensure that such a teacher, whether local or foreign, is capable and qualifi ed to teach at any PHEIs in Malaysia. 3, Modern Infrastructure Malaysia s persistent drive to develop and upgrade its infrastructure has resulted in well-developed infrastructure compared to the newly industrialising countries of Asia. Over the years, these investments have paid off and serious bottlenecks have been avoided. A landmark event was the completion of Malaysia s newest and biggest airport, the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), which opened for business in The following year, Cyberjaya, Malaysia s fi rst intelligent city and the nucleus of the country s Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), became a reality, complete with a multimedia university to provide a pool of knowledge workers for industries. The other is the Kuala Lumpur Sentral, a transportation hub integrating all major rail transport networks, including the Express Rail Link (ERL) to KLIA and Putrajaya, the government s new administrative centre. 6. Vibrant Business Environment Malaysia s market-oriented economy, supportive government policies and a large local business community that is ready to do business with international corporations have made Malaysia a highly competitive manufacturing and export base. In addition, Malaysia s rapid move towards the k-economy allows companies to do business in an environment that is geared towards information technology. One of Malaysia s major pull factors is its large pool of young, educated and trainable workforce. Many of Malaysia s university graduates are trained overseas in fi elds such as engineering and accountancy, allowing them to adapt easily to an international corporate environment 4.

5 English is widely used in Malaysia, especially in business thus facilitating the investor s communication with local personnel and suppliers. The country s legal and accounting practices derived from the British system are familiar to most international companies. 7. High Quality and Affordable Standard of Living Malaysia is among the most friendly and hospitable places in the world to work and live in. Malaysians are warm, friendly people who easily accept foreigners into their circle of friends. In addition, the country s tropical climate with its uniform temperatures allows light, comfortable clothing throughout the year 5. Expatriates and their families will enjoy a safe and comfortable living environment with 21st century amenities, good healthcare and medical facilities, excellent educational institutions, and world-class recreational and sports facilities at costs much lower than in their own countries. One of the country s most distinctive features is its rich diversity of cultures, a heritage derived from its racial mix of some of the world s oldest civilisations Malay, Chinese and Indian. This potpourri of race and culture has enabled Malaysians to speak at least two, and even three, languages Malay (the national language), English, and their own mother tongue. 8. International Schools There are 41 international schools and 14 expatriate schools registered with the Ministry of Education. These schools are located in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, and in the states of Johor, Kelantan, Melaka, 5 5

6 Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Sabah and Sarawak. They include American- and British-style international schools as well as French, German, Japanese and Taiwanese schools that have facilities for pre-school to college education. 9. Vibrant Multi-lingual and Multi-cultural Environment Malaysia is considered a country of high human development, and ranked 66 out of 182 countries in the UN s Human Development Report It has strong fl uency across major Asian languages: Mandarin, Malay/Indonesian and Arabic. Malaysia is known worldwide as a progressive country and also moderate Islamic state. Malaysia is at the cross-road and gateway to major Asian cultures. It provides the vibrancy of Asia and foreign students may experience the unique multicultural, multi-lingual and diversity that only Malaysia can offer. As a result of globalisation, there is employability premium for multi-cultural and practical experience. MALAYSIA S ATTRACTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS Below are some of the reasons why Malaysia is the preferred destination for many international students when they choose to pursue their education abroad. 1. Wide Range of Quality Education Options There are many study options available to suit the needs of various students such as Malaysian home-grown qualifi cations, foreign degree qualifi cations through 2+1 twinning degrees (for example: 2 years in Malaysia and 1 year at the overseas host university) and 3+0 degrees (where the entire foreign university degree programme is taught in Malaysia) as well as American degree transfer programmes. 2. Foreign University Branch Campuses in Malaysia Since 1998, fi ve international reputable universities have set up their branch campuses in Malaysia to offer bachelor s and postgraduate degrees that are identical to that of the main campus overseas. By enrolling at any of these branch campuses located in Malaysia, students will enjoy lower tuition fees. 3. English Language as the Medium of Instruction English is used as the primary medium of instruction for all courses conducted at private higher educational institutions. This is one of the plus points for students when choosing to study here. 4. Simple and Hassle-Free Immigration Procedures The Immigration Department of Malaysia has hassle-free immigration procedures for international students wishing to gain entry into Malaysia. 6

7 5. High Quality Affordable Education Malaysian education cost is much cheaper compared to other countries like Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, Singapore, the US and the UK 6. A comparison of the cost of education in those countries is shown in Figure 1. Although the cost of education in Malaysia is cheaper, it is still able to provide good quality higher education. The quality of higher education is assured by the Malaysian government through an accreditation body namely, the Malaysia Qualifi cations Agency (MQA) which is responsible for the accreditation and control of the quality of education programmes offered by the public and private higher educational institutions in Malaysia. Figure 1: Cross country comparison of the estimated education cost for a bachelor s degree programme in Arts and Business (per year) for international students Country (public/private institutions) Tuition Fee per academic year Cost of Living per year INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIA S ECONOMIC SUCCESS Malaysia has grown tremendously and has developed rapidly since its independence 52 years ago (since 1957). The country has evolved into a dynamic and high technology nation with its own Silicon Valley and many high technology buildings, some of which were built to depict the rich heritage of Malaysia, e.g. the Petronas Twin Towers. Malaysia has experienced steady economic progression and rapid infrastructure development which Malaysians are truly proud of. Malaysia is a country with a harmonious and peaceful living environment where various ethnic groups mingle amicably through mutual understanding and tolerance fostered over several decades of coexistence. The harmonious relationship between different races in Malaysia has made it a model for many developing countries to emulate. Australia (public) Canada (public) France (public) Malaysia (private) New Zealand (public) Singapore (private) United Kingdom (public) USA (public) USA (private) USD 8,500 USD 7,500 minimal (USD 250) USD 5,000 USD 10,000 USD 6,500 USD 14,000 USD 13,000 USD 22,000 USD 8,500 USD 8,500 USD 13,000 USD 4,000 USD 11,500 USD 9,000 USD 12,500 USD 12,000 USD 13,000 The population of 28 million in Malaysia generally consists of Malays, Chinese, Indians along with several minority groups and foreigners. Economic achievement: In the International Institute of Management Development s (IMD) World Competitiveness Yearbook 2009, Malaysia had an overall ranking of 18th place out of 57 economies in the world. Source: Study in Malaysia Handbook (International Edition) and various related websites (The above information is an estimate and serves only as a guide. Please contact the respective universities for more information.) (Estimated exchange rate: USD 1 = RM 3.50) In another world ranking, i.e. the Geneva-based World Economic Forum s Global Competitiveness Index , Malaysia was ranked number 24 out of 133 economies/countries in the world. In the World Bank s Doing 6 7

8 Business 2010 report on the ease of doing business, Malaysia was ranked 23rd out of 183 economies/countries surveyed covering the period June 2008 through May In The Banker s 2007 survey, Malaysia was ranked among the top three biggest Islamic fi nancial institutions with Sharia-compliant assets. Malaysia has also ventured into space exploration. Datuk Dr Sheikh Muszafar Shukor, an orthopaedic surgeon and university lecturer was the fi rst Malaysian cosmonaut to go into space in INTRODUCING MALAYSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION Higher education sector in Malaysia is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Higher Education. The education sector has always enjoyed the highest national development budget which symbolises the commitment of the Malaysian government towards education. Malaysia has 40 universities, 20 university colleges and fi ve foreign university branch campuses. These higher education institutions offer a wide range of tertiary qualifi cations at an affordable cost. There are also various higher educational institutions from the UK, the US, Australia, Canada, France, Germany and New Zealand which offer twinning and 3+0 degree programmes through partnerships with Malaysian colleges and universities. Four of the 20 public universities in Malaysia have been assigned research university status with additional funding for R&D and commercialisation of research. The Malaysian Qualifi cations Agency is the national quality agency that undertakes the implementation of the Malaysian Qualifi cations Framework, covering both public and private higher educational institutions, accreditation of courses and other related functions. The provision of higher education is currently regulated by some of the following legislations: 8 1. The Education Act 1996 (Act 550) 2. The Private Higher Educational Institutions Act, 1996 (amended 2009) 3. The National Council of Higher Education Act, Malaysian Qualifi cations Agency Act 2007 (replacing the National Accreditation Board Act 1996 which has been repealed) 5. The Universities and University Colleges (Amendment) Act, 1996 (amended 2009) 6. The National Higher Education Fund Corporation Act, 1997 (amended 2000)

9 INCENTIVE AND SUPPORT PACKAGE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION INVESTORS The government has introduced various policies to encourage more foreign universities to set up branches or faculties in Malaysia. Malaysia has much to offer international students and foreign investors. 1. Dedicated Region as Incentive Package Malaysia is promoting itself as the most preferred education destination in Asia to international students from all over the world. At the same time, it is offering prestigious foreign universities the opportunity to establish their branch campuses in Malaysia, especially in developing regions like Iskandar Malaysia in Johor and Kuala Lumpur Education City (KLEC) 9

10 Iskandar Malaysia: Iskandar Malaysia has been designated a prime hub for nine economic clusters by the Malaysian government. The region will offer excellent investment opportunities and be given special focus. The nine clusters encompass creative industries, education, fi nancial advisory and consulting, healthcare services, logistics, tourism, electrical and electronics, petrochemical and oleo-chemical, and food and agro processing. The Federal Government has set up the Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA) to plan, promote and facilitate investment in Iskandar which includes the education sector. The Iskandar Service Centre has been established to provide effi cient tracking of investment and regulatory approvals. Tax incentives available to educational service providers located within Medini, Iskandar Malaysia: The incentives offered for educational service providers are as follows: The qualifying activities for educational service providers are as follows: Universities Colleges Skills training institutions R&D institutions Regional training centres Criteria for approval: A company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1965 A tax resident of Malaysia Undertakes a qualifying activity in Medini Approved by the Ministry of Finance Non-Fiscal Incentives to educational service providers located within Medini, Iskandar Malaysia: Exemption from income tax for 10 years on statutory income from qualifying activities provided to persons situated within Medini and outside of Malaysia, or wholly to persons situated outside of Malaysia. Exemption from withholding tax on payments for technical fees royalties to non-residents for a period of 10 years from commencement of operations. Exemption from the FIC guideline Make and receive payments in foreign currency Borrow any amount of foreign currency from licensed onshore banks and non-residents Invest any amount in foreign currency, onshore and offshore Retain export proceeds offshore Unrestricted employment of foreign-knowledge workers 10

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12 Kuala Lumpur Education City (KLEC): Kuala Lumpur Education City (KLEC): The main concept of the Kuala Lumpur Educational City (KLEC) is to combine the elements of a learning community, healthy living, and leisure in an environmentally-friendly and cultured environment. This is done by placing international universities, local institutions of higher learning, secondary and primary teaching and learning facilities together with commercial and residential areas in a smart city development. Here, the universities, colleges and schools contribute to the social, economic and cultural life of the city and its community. KLEC is planned as an international educational hub in line with the government s policy to make Malaysia a regional centre of excellence in education, by maintaining a proportionate mix of international, regional and local institutions and students. KLEC is well-positioned as a Global Education Hub in Malaysia due to its proximity to the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) which is the international gateway for Malaysia; as well as Putrajaya, the administrative capital of the country; and Cyberjaya, the city of information technology. The concept of an education city aims to enable international and local institutions of higher learning, colleges and professional institutions to share educational, recreational, residential and commercial facilities. Enrolment at the various universities and colleges will include international, regional and local students. The main concept and innovation of the education city and its central academic hub is the provision of shared services for the educational community. This includes use of common and shared teaching areas and facilities, learning resource centre, student accommodation and sports facilities as well as IT and support services. The shared service infrastructure and solution provides not only effi ciency in the use of resources and facilitates, but also optimises academic planning and administration for the partnering universities. 12

13 The KLEC Academic Park will be created within a lush green environment of up to 500 acres and will house the main academic and shared service buildings, as well as the proposed 40-acre Medical Park and an additional 50-acre Research and Innovation Park. The KLEC will consist of universities and colleges as part of its academic community. The global mix of world-class universities will provide a truly international blend of academic offerings to students residing in the city. The fi rst cluster of universities is expected to start in June 2013 with construction starting as early as March The main feature of the Academic Park is the proposed University Park where all the universities and colleges are located. Each university or college will have its own academic building, and will be near the central academic hub. There is also the Education Boulevard where universities, colleges and institutions or professional training centres are able to lease offi ce space. The Academic Park also provides various landed (terrace, townhouses, semidetached and bungalows) as well as stratifi ed (apartments and condominiums) properties that are part of green and spacious community gardens, children s playgrounds, wide pavements and courtyards. Neighbourhood centres create a public realm where cultural and social activities take place. KLEC also has a City Campus located in central Kuala Lumpur, which will be launched in June 2010 to offer various postgraduate programmes in partnership with its international anchors. 13

14 Attractive Tax Incentives: To ensure that the vision of being a regional hub for education is achieved, the Malaysian government through the Ministry of Higher Education and various ministries and government agencies provide a very attractive tax incentive for PHEIs that are established in Malaysia and for contributors to the education sector in Malaysia 7. The tax incentives are as shown in Schedule 1 and 2. Schedule 1: Tax incentives for private higher education institutions No ELIGIBILITY TAX INCENTIVES AGENCY 1. PHEIs that provide technical or vocational courses and also science courses in selected fi elds: Biotechnology Medical and Health Sciences Molecular Biology Material Sciences and Technology Food Sciences and Technology Investment Tax Allowance of 100% for 10 years offset against 70% of statutory income for each year of assessment Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) Existing PHEIs providing the above courses that undertake new investments to upgrade their training equipment or expand their training capacities also qualify for this incentive 2. Multimedia faculties in institutions of higher learning: Tax incentives accorded to MSC companies extended to multimedia faculties which provide courses in media, computer, information technology, telecommunications, communications and contents related to data, voice, graphics and images. Pioneer Status (PS) with 100% tax exemption for a period of 10 years or Investment Tax Allowances (ITA) of 100% for 5 years offset against 100% of statutory income for each year of assessment. Duty free import of multimedia equipment. Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC)

15 No ELIGIBILITY TAX INCENTIVES AGENCY 3. Companies involved in the export of educational services i. Tax exemption on income equivalent to 50% of the value of the increased export of higher education ii. Double deduction for expenses incurred in the promotion of export of higher education 4. Any person who owns buildings used for industrial, technical or vocational training approved by the Minister of Finance Expenses incurred in constructing or purchasing the building are eligible for industrial Building Allowance of 10% for 10 years Any company who owns buildings used for a school or an educational institution approved by the Minister of Higher Education 5. Computers and information technology assets including software acquired by PHEIs Expenses incurred eligible for Accelerated Capital Allowance i.e. Initial allowance of 20% and annual allowance of 40% 15

16 No ELIGIBILITY TAX INCENTIVES AGENCY 6. PHEIs that are approved technical and vocational training institutions, private language centres Exemption of Import Duty, sales tax and Excise Duty on all educational equipment including laboratory, workshop, studio and language laboratory equipment Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) 7. Non-residents franchisors providing franchised education programmes approved by the Ministry of Higher Education Tax exemption on royalty income paid by educational institutions to non-residents franchisor 8. Incentive for lecturers providing accreditation of Franchised Education Programmes Fees or honorarium received from MQA by lecturers/experts who provide services in the validation, moderation or accreditation process to ensure franchised education programmes are the same quality as those of franchisor institutions, are exempted from income tax 9. Companies that do not contribute to HRDF, but provide training for their employees Companies that incur expenses for approved training of its employees are eligible for Double Deduction. The training should be at approved training institutions 10. Deduction for pre-employment training Training expenses incurred before the commencement of business qualify for single deduction. The institution must prove that they will employ the trainees 16

17 No ELIGIBILITY TAX INCENTIVES AGENCY 11. Deduction for non-employment training Expenses incurred in providing practical training to residents who are non employees of the institution qualify for single deduction 12. PHEIs that have incurred expenses for the development and compliance of new courses Expenses incurred for the development and compliance of new courses qualify for single deduction amortised for 3 years 13. Non-profi t oriented government assisted and private schools (including schools formed by a body of persons, trust company limited by guarantee) 100% tax exemption on all income received by non-profi t oriented schools Ministry of Finance Life Long Learning Individual tax payers pursuing studies - at the tertiary level in selected fi elds* of study at any institution or professional body in Malaysia as approved by the MOF - at postgraduate level in all fi elds (master s and doctorate) *technical, vocational, industrial, scientifi c, law, technological, accounting, Islamic Finance skills Tax relief not exceeding RM5,000 per annum 17

18 Schedule 2: Tax incentives for contributors to education sector No ELIGIBILITY TAX INCENTIVES AGENCY 1. A company or an individual incurring expenditure in the provision of services, public amenities and contributions to a charity or community project pertaining to education approved by the Minister of Finance Single deduction is given for the expenses incurred Provided no further deduction of the same amount be allowed under Sec 44(6) ITA Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) 2. Library: A company or an individual incurring expenditure in the: Provision of library facilities which are accessible to the public; Contributions to public libraries and libraries of school and institutions of higher education Single deduction is given for the expenses incurre 3. Scholarship: A company incurring expenditure in the provision of scholarship to a student for a diploma or degree course or equivalent of a diploma or degree programme undertaken at a recognised higher educational institution in Malaysia Single deduction is given for the expenses incurred. Provided that student: i. full time education ii. has no means of his own; and iii. total monthly income of parents/guardian not exceed RM5,000 18

19 No ELIGIBILITY TAX INCENTIVES AGENCY 4. Research: A company or individual contributing in cash to an approved research institution. Double deduction for expenses incurred. Provided no deduction of the same amount be claimed under Sec 33, 34 and 34A ITA Research: Payment made for the use of services of: An approved research institute or approved research company approved by the Minister of Finance. Double deduction for expenses incurred Provided no deduction of the same amount be claimed under Sec 33, 34 and 34A ITA 1967 A research and development company or contract research and development company which is defi ned under section 2 PIA

20 CONCLUSION Malaysia is increasingly becoming a preferred market for foreign investors, namely foreign universities, to invest in higher education sector. They are most welcomed to open their branch campuses in Malaysia, especially at the designated development corridor like Iskandar Malaysia and KLEC. They will be offered incentives including tax exemptions which would assist them in setting up their branch campuses here. Malaysia believes that partnership with the foreign universities is the best investment for the betterment of both parties. REFERENCE a. Ninth Malaysian Plan (9MP) b. Private Higher Educational Institutions Act 1996 [Act 555] c. IPPTN: 50 Years of Higher Education Development in Malaysia ( ) d. UNESCO: Higher Education in South-East Asia e. New Strait Times, 26th June 2009 f. Study in Malaysia Handbook (7th International Edition) g. Investing In Malaysia: Retrieved 25th January 2010, from h. Retrieved 25th January 2010 i. Retrieved 21st January 2010 j. Retrieved 25th January 2010 k. Retrieved 27th January 2010 Produced by: Private Higher Education Management Sector Department of Higher Education Ministry of Higher Education 20