From Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic, and Back Again? The Lasting Impact of the Ottoman Empire in Turkey

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1 From Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic, and Back Again? The Lasting Impact of the Ottoman Empire in Turkey

2 Outline! The Ottoman Empire in the 19 th Century! The Young Turks and the Rise of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk! The Turkish Republic, 1923! Kemalism: From Authoritarianism to Totalitarianism! The AKP and Neo-Ottomanism

3 The 19 th Century! The Tanzimat Reforms Re-organization/Reform! The Young Ottomans! The Young Turks! The Committee of Union and Progress

4 Sultan Selim III, r Sultan Mahmud II, r

5 The Eastern Question! By the 19 th Century Britain, France and Russia intervened in Ottoman affairs! Balance of Power! British Fear of Russian Expansion! Crimean War, ! Eastern Crisis, ! Russo-Ottoman War,

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7 Selim III s Reforms! New Order (Nizam-ı Cedid)! Dissolution of Janissaries! European-style Army! Economic Reforms! Bureaucratic Reforms! Edirne Incident in 1806, and Selim s dethronement and later death in a Janissary Revolt in 1807

8 Mahmud II! Continuation of Selim s program of reform! Abolition of the Janissaries in 1826! Education reform! Creation of a new bureaucracy

9 The Tanzimat ( )! Sultan Abdülmecid I! Modernization as Westernization continuation of Selim and Mahmud s Reform programs! Noble Edict of the Rose Garden Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif, 1839! Imperial Reform Edict, Islâhat Hümâyûnu, 1856 Hatt-ı

10 The Young Ottomans! Formed around 1865! Constitutional and Representational Government! Blend of Secular and Islamic Principles! First Constitutional Era (Birinci Meşrutiyet), ! First Parliament, 1876

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12 The Young Turks! Established in 1889 at the Royal Medical Academy, Istanbul! How can this state be saved?! Modernization as Westernization! The Committee of Union and Progress! Branches inside of the empire and in Europe! Young Turk Revolution, 1908

13 Sultan Abdülhamid II

14 Revolution, 1908

15 Young Turk Ideology! Ottomanism! Pan-Islamism! Pan-Turkism! Nationalism! Homogenous Turkish population in Anatolia! Ottoman-Muslim Nationalism

16 ! Repression of Freedoms/Rights! Balkan Wars, ! Military Reform! Economic Reform! Creation of a Muslim Bourgeoisie and homogenous population! World War I

17 The Rise of Mustafa Kemal! The National Movement (Milli Mücadelle)! The War of Independence, 1919! Treaty of Sèvres, 1920! Treaty of Lausanne, 1923! Declaration of the Turkish Republic, October 29, 1923; Ankara became the new capital

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20 The Turkish Republic! Mustafa Kemal Atatürk! Relationship between the CUP and the Kemalists! Educated at the Military Schools/Academies! Creation of the Republican Peoples Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), 17 November 1924! Kemalist Reforms and Continuities with the CUP

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22 Kemalist Reforms! Abolition of the Caliphate, 1924! Removal of the ulema, and pious foundations (vakıflar) taken over by the state! Control over religion through the Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet), and closure of religious schools (medrese)! Dress Code, 1926! Adoption of the Western calendar and clock, 1926! Adoption of the Latin script to replace the Arabic, 1928! Conscription Law, 1927! Role of the Military

23 Kemalist Reforms! New national identity, Turkishness! Population Exchange, 1924! Turkification! CHP s 6 Arrows (Altı Ok), 1931: Republicanism, Secularism, Nationalism, Reformism, Populism, and Étatism! Turkish History Thesis, 1932; Sun Language Theory, 1935.

24 The AKP! The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP)! Founded in 2001! Swept into power in 2002! Conservative and Islamist Leaning! Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Ahmet Davutoğlu

25 Neo-Ottomanism (Yeni Osmanlıcılık)! Cultural and Political elements! Foreign Policy! Turning their back on the West?! Greater involvement in the Middle East! Divisions within the country?

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30 Suggested Readings! Erik-Jan Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History. London: I.B. Tauris 2005! Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East. New York: Basic Books, 2015! Stefano Taglia, Intellectuals and Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Young Turks on the Challenges of Modernity. New York: Routledge, 2015.! Ryan Gingeras, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: Heir to an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015