OffWind (Prediction tools for offshore wind energy generation)
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2 Outline Offwind project Atmospheric Boundary Layer Wind-Wave Interactions Results Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 1
3 OffWind project main goal: This is a project proposal aiming at the development of computational tools for the prediction of the location and energy yield of offshore wind farms depending on the weather situation (condition of the ocean and atmosphere) and the presence of other wind farms (design and operation). IRIS (Research center, Norway) SINTEF (Research center, Norway) Norsk Vind Energi AS (Industry, Norway) Aalborg University (University, Denmark) Megajoule (Portugal) FFuE-Zentrum FH Kiel GmbH (Germany) National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL (USA) Lund University (Sweden). Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 2
4 WP 1: Numerical modeling for wind turbine and wind farm performance predictions LTH, IRIS, SINTEF, NREL WP 2: Experiments and model validation and calibration IRIS, Norsk Vind Energi AS, WP3: Fully coupled wind-wave interaction model LTH, IRIS, SINTEF, Vattenfall, Megajoule WP 4: Nowcasting of available farm power based on data driven modelling Aalborg WP 5: Database Vattenfall, FuE-Zentrum FH Kiel GmbH Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 3
5 Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 4
6 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 5
7 Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 6
8 Centrifugal force Coriolis force Horizontal mean driving pressure gradient(geostrophic pressure) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 7
9 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer The mechanisms for the generation of ABL turbulence. Convective boundary layers : turbulence is generated by buoyancy. Stable boundary layers: turbulence is suppressed by buoyancy. Neutral boundary layer: turbulence is generated by wind shear. θ z < 0 θ z > 0 θ z = 0 Initial pertubation stable unstable neutral Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 8
10 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Ex. The power output data from the Horns Rev offshore Wind Farm (given by Jensen 2007) Stable ABL the farm s efficiency is 61% unstable ABL the farm s efficiency is 74% Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 9
11 The Wind-Wave Interactions The wind generates tiny wavelets which have 2D spectral structure. The spectral components develop with time and through the space by absorbing the energy transfer from the wind. Nonlinear energy transfer among spectral components is also important in the development of spectrum. The high frequency components then gradually saturate, losing the absorbed energy as the wave break, while the low frequency are still growing. Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 10
12 The Wind-Wave Interactions The ABL Wind velocity and turbulence. The wave field is generated by wind stress. Depend on roughness of the ocean surface. Swell Roughness length is determined by the sea state Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 11
13 Atmospheric model MM5,WRF, CUPOM Ocean model Wave induced stress Wave model WAM,WAVEWA TCH III, Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 12
14 Z Log z? V hub Z hub V ref Zo Z ref V Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 13
15 Wind-Wave Interactions In neutral stability condition C D = u U z 2 = k 2 ln 2 (z z o ) o Charnock z o = α u2 g o Stewart wave age(β) z o = u2 g A 1 C p u B 1 o Donelan r.m.s wave height(σ) z o σ = A 2 C p u B 2 o Hsu significant wave height (H s ) z o H s = A 3 C p u B 3 o Taylor wave steepness z o H s = A 4 H s l p B 4 Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 14
16 Wind-Wave Interactions Sea state effects Power output difference at different sea states Bernhard Lange/University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany Søren Larsen/Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 15
17 z o = u2 g A 1 C p u B 1 Reference A1 B1 Toba et al Sugimori et al Smith et al Johnson et al Drennan et al Shi Jian et al Dependence of sea surface drag coefficient on wind-wave parameters Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 16
18 Example Ref Velocity 7m/s Ref height 20 m Turbine hub height 100m Turbine Diameter 100m Turbine efficiency 35% Wave velocity 2 m/s Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 17
19 Method Friction velocity m/s Roughness height m Hub height velocity m/s Output power MW Power difference % Charnok e Toba e Sugimori e smith e Johnson e Drennan e Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 18
20 The Wind-Wave Interactions Swell effects When winds and waves reach equilibrium C p u a ~30, C p U a ~1.2 Growing sea (absorbing momentum from the wind) C p u a < 30, C p U a < 1.2 Old sea (giving momentum to the wind) C p u a > 30, C p U a > 1.2 Swell can induce significant misalignment between surface winds and turbulent stress and generally invalidates the use of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory that assumes winds-stress alignment. Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 19
21 Wind-Wave Interactions Swell effects pure wind wave mixed with swell Effect of swell in marine atmospheric boundary layer. Lian Shen/ John Hokins University Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 20
22 The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of nonlocal waves (swell) on wind energy by studying the effect of the effect of misalignment between surface wind and turbulent stress on the turbine hub height velocity and the possible effect of these waves on wind turbine wake distribution. Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 21
23 Using a detailed LES simulation model to simulate the effect of resolved large scale wave moving in different directions. LES model Roughness height model Zo Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 22
24 develop a windwave CFD code from OpenFoam library LES. Standard Smagorinsky SGS model. Compare windwave CFD code results with SOWFA code results. Flat smooth wall case. (1.2, 1.2, 0.8)km (250, 250, 96)cells. Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 23
25 Boundary conditions Geostrophic wind (5m/s). Shallow offshore ABL (~ 400m). Neutral ABL with inversion of (0.01K/m) temp. gradient. Periodic boundary conditions in horizontal direction. Zero gradient in the upper boundary. No- slip condition in the lower boundary. Spalding s wall model for smooth wall is used in windwave CFD code, while Schumann wall model is used in SOWFA code with vary small roughness height (2 E-6 m). Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 24
26 SOWFA windwave Stream-wise velocity component of ABL over flat smooth wall, (left) SOWFA code (sowfa-flat case), (right) WindWave code (windwave-flat case). Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 25
27 SOWFA-windWave Span-wise velocity component of ABL over flat smooth wall, (left) SOWFA code (sowfa-flat case), (right) WindWave code (windwave-flat case). Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 26
28 SOWFA-windWave Stream-wise velocity component of ABL over flat smooth wall at 75m height, (left) SOWFA code (sowfa-flat case), (right) WindWave code (windwave-flat case). Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 27
29 SOWFA-windWave Vertical velocity component of ABL over flat smooth wall at 75m height, (left) SOWFA code (sowfa-flat case), (right) WindWave code (windwaveflat case). Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 28
30 Use the windwave CFD to simulate stationary and moving wavy wall Wavy wall, ideal 2D sinusoidal wave. wave length(100m), wave amplitude(1.6m) Stationary C p = 0 moving with wind Cp = 12.5 m/s moving against wind Cp = m/s Domain moving with wave reference frame. u =u c x =x ct (1.2, 1.2, 0.8)km (250, 250, 96)cells Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 29
31 windwave The wavy wall (wave length 100m and wave amplitude 1.6m). Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 30
32 Boundary conditions Geostrophic wind (5m/s). Shallow offshore ABL (~ 400m). Neutral ABL with inversion of (0.01K/m) temp. gradient. Periodic boundary conditions in horizontal direction. Zero gradient in the upper boundary. No- slip condition in the lower boundary. Spalding s wall model for smooth wall is used in windwave CFD code. Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 31
33 windwave Stream-wise velocity (Flat wall ) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 32
34 windwave Stream-wise velocity (Wavy wall stationary) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 33
35 windwave Stream-wise velocity (Wavy wall with wind) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 34
36 windwave Stream-wise velocity (Wavy wall against wind) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 35
37 Vertical velocity (Flat wall) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 36
38 Vertical velocity (stationary wavy wall) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 37
39 Vertical velocity (wavy wall moving with wind direction) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 38
40 Vertical velocity (wavy wall moving against the wind) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 39
41 windwave Stream-wise fluctuation velocity (Flat wall) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 40
42 windwave Stream-wise fluctuation velocity (stationary wavy wall) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 41
43 windwave Stream-wise fluctuation velocity (Wavy wall moving with wind) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 42
44 windwave Stream-wise fluctuation velocity (Wavy wall moving against the wind) Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 43
45 Adding wall model based on a z o at the lower boundary Schumann wall model τ τ w = U z1 U z1 Moeng s wall model τ τ w = S z1 u z1 + S z1 u z1 u z1 S z1 U z1 Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 44
46 Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 45
47 Lund University / Fluid Mechanics/ Ali Al Sam 46
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