Interest Groups Chapter 15

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1 Interest Groups Chapter 15 Theories of Interest Group Formation Pluralist Theory Political power distributed among groups Disturbance Theory Groups form in response to change Transactions Theory Public policy results from transactions among political players 1

2 Kinds of Interest Groups Public Interest Groups Seek a collective good Economic Interest Groups Promote the economic interests of their members Governmental Units State and local governments lobby, too Political Action Committees Officially registered fundraising organizations that represent interest groups What are the Characteristics of Selected Interest Groups? 2

3 National Groups Emerge American Anti-Slavery Society One of the first national groups Women s Christian Temperance Union Sought Prohibition The Grange Educated farmers and sought legislation Business Interests Standard Oil Railroad The Grange 3

4 The Progressive Era Organized Labor American Federation of Labor (1886) first national union brought in skilled workers from several trades together into one stronger national organization. Businesses pushed back Clayton Act (1914) allowed unions to strike and organize free from prosecution Business Groups and Trade Associations National Association of Manufacturers (1895) lobbied for business rights and tariff protection often sending large amounts of money to members of Congress. Chamber of Commerce (1912) joined forces with National Association of Manufacturers. The Rise of the Interest Group State Conservative Response: Religious and Ideological Groups Moral Majority, Christian Coalition and the National Rifle Association Business Groups, Corporations, and Associations Chamber of Commerce, Business Roundtable Organized Labor American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) merger 4

5 Lobbying Lobbying Congress Testify at hearings Provide info to lawmakers Encourage to rally around cause Lobbying the Executive Branch Lobbying the Courts Friend of Court Briefs amicus curiae Grassroots Lobbying Radical activism such as animal activist groups Protests and Radical Activism How Many Lobbyists Are There? How Much Do They Spend? 5

6 What Role Do Lobbyists Play in Congress? Election Activities Candidate recruitment and endorsements Getting out the vote Rating the candidates or office holders Campaign contributions 6

7 How Much Money Do Interest Groups Spend on Elections? What Makes Interest Groups Successful? Leaders - The fate of interest groups may rest with their leaders William Lloyd Garrison American Anti-Slavery Society Frances Willard Women s Christian Temperance Union Marian Wright Edelman Children s Defense Fund Pat Robertson Christian Coalition Funding and Patrons - Revenue to cover costs Membership dues Direct-mail solicitations Special events to raise money Wealthy Patrons Members - Levels of membership Leadership Working members Dues-paying members free-riders Variety of benefits AAA - roadside assistance AARP - discounts 7

8 Who are interest group leaders? How Do Interest Groups Convince Potential Members to Become Dues-Paying Members? 8

9 Regulating Congressional Lobbyists Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act (1946) Required registration of lobbyists Lobbying Disclosure Act (1995) Stricter definition of lobbying Tougher registration requirements Report clients and issues Estimate amount paid by clients Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 Bans on gifts; longer waiting periods Regulating Executive and Judicial Branch Lobbyists Executive Branch Ethics in Government Act (1978) Bars executive branch employees for working for an interest group for one year. Created mandatory, public disclosure of financial and employment history of public officials and their immediate family. Lobbying Disclosure Act (1995) Provides for the disclosure of efforts by paid lobbyists to influence the decision-making process and actions of Federal legislative and executive branch officials Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (2007) Lobbyists are required to register with the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Secretary of the Senate. Judicial Branch Few formal regulations Amicus curiae is chief tool 9

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