SSWH5 The student will trace the origins and expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and 1300 CE. a. Explain the origins of Islam and the

Transcription

1 SSWH5 The student will trace the origins and expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and 1300 CE. a. Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire. b. Identify the Muslim trade routes to India, China, Europe, and Africa and assess the economic impact of this trade. c. Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims. d. Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta). e. Describe the impact of the Crusades on both the Islamic World and Europe. f. Analyze the relationship between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

2 The Rise of Islam The Rise of Islam

3 Origins of Islam

4 EQ: What are the origins of Islam? KQ1: Why was Muhammad s revelations a threat to the business leaders of Mecca? KQ2: What is the significance of the Hegira? KQ3: What is the significance of the Battle of Badr? KQ4: What is the basis of Islamic law? KQ5: What is the main difference b/w Sunni and Shia Muslims?

5 Historical Context A. Islam is the last of the major monotheistic religions to develop B. Spread aggressively out of Arabia during the 7 th century -Jihad and Conversion -Religious Toleration w/ Taxation C. Facilitated extensive trade/financial network b/w Europe, Asia, and Africa D. Significant contributions in science, philosophy, medicine, architecture, art and literature -Preservation of Hellenic Scholarship contributes to the European Renaissance E. Migrations/ Invasions from the Central Asian Steppes acculturate Islamic civilization -Establishment of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires

6 Arabian Peninsula

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8 A. Arabian Peninsula -Largely vacant and desolate B. Strategic location -Crossroads of Asian, African, and European commerce C. Most major trading centers/cities are located on/near the coast D. Predominantly inhabited by pastoral Bedouin nomads Geography

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10 A. Major trading center located on the western coast along the Red Sea B. Controlled by merchant aristocracy C. A religious center to which various groups made annual pilgrimages D. Kaaba or Cube - shrine temple containing the sacred Black Stone -idols, images, and shrines Mecca

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13 The Hajj

14 Muhammad the Prophet ( ) A. Orphaned into the commercial/religious culture of Mecca -married a widow w/ a substantial estate and worked as a merchant B. Received a series of divine revelations from Allah via the archangel Gabriel C. Muhammad s proselytizing was intensely monotheistic and threatened the business culture/social order of Mecca D. Several attempts were made to silence Muhammad including bribery, ostracism, persecution, and murder

15 Muhammad s migration to Medina marks the beginning of the Islamic state 200 miles The Hegira 622AD

16 A. Medina- an oasis community north of Mecca -Perceived Muhammad as a wise man and invited him to settle disputes b/w tribal chiefs B. Became a refuge for Meccan followers and a recruiting ground for converts C. Muhammad s migration to Medina marks the beginning of the Islamic state D. Medina or City of the Prophet becomes the center of Islamic power on the Arabian Peninsula Hegira (622AD)

17 Battle of Badr (624) A. Muhammad, the Emigrants, and the Helpers from Medina (300) vs. Angry Meccan Merchants (900) B. Decisive Islamic victory marked the arrival of Muhammad as a major military/political leader C. Badr was the first step towards rapid Islamic territorial conquest and expansion D. Several other battles (victories and defeats) were fought before Muhammad captured the city of Mecca in 630 E. United the Arabian Peninsula under a single ruler -Muhammad died in 632

18 Battle of Badr (624AD)

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20 The Koran

21 A. The infallible/unedited word of God in Arabic -Core of every aspect of Islamic culture Koran B. Sharia Law - derived from the Koran and the Hadith -Regulates and establishes the perfect pattern of behavior for all humans C. Basis of Islamic Theocracy - a legal system, social organization, and system of government D. No separation b/w Church and State

22 A. Profession of Faith- Belief in Allah and Muhammad as his final prophet Five Pillars B. Prostration/Prayer five times a day towards Mecca C. Charity to the poor and disinherited D. Fasting during Ramadan E. Pilgrimage to Mecca

23 Mongols 13th Century Umayyad Restoration (756) Cordoba Fatimid Dynasty ( ) Cairo Abbasid Dynasty ( ) Baghdad Umayyad Dynasty ( ) Turks 11th Century Mecca Damascus

24 Dome of the Rock Muhammad s Ascension Rock of Sacrifice Abraham & Isaac

25 A. Monotheistic Comparing the Three Faiths -Idolatry forbidden B. Islam acknowledges major figures/prophets of the Old Testament -Abraham s blessing to Ishmael not Isaac C. Islam recognizes Jesus as a prophet -denies his divinity and resurrection D. Share a similar eschatology -Death, Judgment, Heaven, and Hell

26 Factions of the Islamic State A. Muhammad had no male successor and did not name one B. Immediate successors belonged to/selected from the leading merchant tribe of Mecca -Sunni or followers of the prophet s example via the Koran and the Hadith -Rule by consent of the religious community C. Fourth Caliph descended directly from the family line -Shia believed in dynastic rule stemming from the Prophet -Koran is the exclusive authority on Muhammad s thoughts, words, and deeds D. Islamic Civil War established the Umayyad Dynasty (661) -Sunni

27 Sunni A. Quarash Tribe of Mecca (Rightly Guided) -Abu Bakr ( ) -Umar ( ) -Uthman ( ) B. Umayyad Dynasty ( ) -Responsible for the rapid expansion of the Islamic State C. Constructed the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem -Capital at Damascus D. Overthrown by Abbasids -Dynastic Restoration in Spain (756)

28 A. Fatima (Muhammad s daughter) -Ali (Cousin)* -Husayn*(680)-introduction of Martyrdom to Islam Shia B. Abbasid Dynasty ( ) -High Point of Classical Islam -Larger than the Roman Empire -Capital at Baghdad (762) -Subjugated by Seljuk Turks (1055) -Eradicated by Mongols (1258) C. Fatimid Dynasty ( ) -North Africa, Egypt, and Syria -Capital at Cairo D. Ayyubid Dynasty ( ) -Saladin and the 3 rd Crusade E. Mamluk Dynasty ( ) -Egypt and North Africa

29 Shia

30 This slide just shows that things are more complicated and is probably unnecessary. Sorry for the inconvenience of boring you to death.

31 The loss of Anatolia to the Seljuk Turks was the major cause of the gradual fall of the Byzantine Empire Constantinople 13 th Century-Invasion of the Mongols Anatolia Asia Minor Turkey 11 th Century Seljuk Turks Battle of Manzikert (1071) 7-8 th Century Spread of Islam

32 Crusades

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34 SSWH12 The student will examine the origins and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. a. Describe the geographical extent of the Ottoman Empire during the rule of Suleyman the Magnificent, the Safavid Empire during the reign of Shah Abbas I, and the Mughal Empire during the reigns of Babur and Akbar. b. Explain the ways in which these Muslim empires influenced religion, law, and the arts in their parts of the world.

35 EQ: What were the fundamental characteristics of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires? KQ1: Which Islamic Gunpowder Empire captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire? KQ2: What was the purpose of the Devshirme System? KQ3: What was the result of the Battle of Lepanto 1571? KQ4: What were the military and political reforms of Shah Abbas? KQ5: What were the military and political reforms of Akbar?

36 Western Steppes of Asia Eastern Steppes of Asia Mongols SeljukTurks Ghaznavid Turks

37 A. Nomadic Horse Culture of the Western Steppes of Asia (modern Turkestan) -Eastern and Western Factions -interaction w/ Byzantine and Islamic Empires B. Western Turks controlled territory from the Oxus River to the Mediterranean -converted to Islam (Sunni) -split into two groups C. Seljuk Turks (West)- spread from Persia towards the Byzantine Empire -practiced religious toleration D. Ghaznavids (East)- spread from Afghanistan to India -defeated by the Seljuks -practiced forced conversions Turks

38 Oxus River

39 Ottoman Empire ( ) A. Descendants of the Seljuk Turks B. Military conquests waged with gunpowder technology (artillery) -Ghazis (warriors for Islam) or Guardians of the Islamic Frontier -Sultans (absolute ruler) C. Fall of the Byzantine Empire -Capture of Constantinople -Renamed Istanbul -ended nomadic culture of the Turks D. Conquer and control: -Mesopotamia -Egypt -Arabian Peninsula (Mecca & Medina) -North Africa -Balkan Peninsula (Europe)

40 Fall of Constantinople (1453)

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45 Mehmed II Gigantic Cannon

46 Fall of Constantinople (1453)

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48 Newspaper Headlines Ch. 18 Sec 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire (pgs ) A. Create Newspaper headlines for the Expansion of the Ottoman Empire -Newspaper Title -Date -Headline -other (advertisements, job opportunities, crime reports, etc.) B. Article 1: Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion -Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople -Ottomans Take Islam s Holy Cities C. Article 2: Suleyman the Lawgiver -The Empire Reaches Its Limits -Highly Structured Social Organization (Political Reforms & Devshirme System) D. Article 3: -Cultural Flowering

49 Suleiman the Magnificent

50 Suleiman the Magnificent A. Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire ( ) B. Powerful navy dominated the Eastern Mediterranean -Control of the major trade routes b/w East and West C. Devshirme System - Christian slaves drafted, educated, and trained as soldiers (Janissaries) -Special forces devoted to the Sultan -Means of social mobility D. Religious toleration in exchange for tribute (taxes) -Based on the Koran

51 1526 Siege of Vienna 1571 Battle of Lepanto Major Vienna and Lepanto marked the beginning of decline in the Ottoman Empire

52 Battle of Lepanto (1571) Holy League Ottomans

53 Battle of Lepanto (1571) A. Ottoman expansion threatened a divided Christian Europe on both land and sea -Battle of Vienna (1526)- Christian victory halted Suleiman s land advance into Europe B. Cause: Control of the Mediterranean and broken alliances b/w Italian citystates and Ottoman Turks C. The Holy League - organized by the Pope of the Catholic Church to stop Islamic expansion -Navy composed of Spanish and Venetian warships D. Result: Decisive defeat of the Turkish Navy -permanently weakened Ottoman Navy -ended the perceived invincibility of the Ottomans -marked the beginning of gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire

54 Modern Iran and Afghanistan Oxus River

55 Ottoman (Sunni) vs. Safavid (Shia) Iraq Iran Iranian Revolution 1979 American Hostage Crisis Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Iraq-Iran War (1980s) Iraq Invades Kuwait (1991) First Gulf War (Iraq) United Nations Coalition led by the United States based in Saudi Arabia Western presence in the Middle East very unpopular especially Islamic extremists Osama Bin Laden establishes Al Qaeda in Afghanistan Attacks World Trade Center (1993) (2001) U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan (2001) Iraq War (2003) Removal of Saddam Hussein Bid Laden Killed (2011)

56 A. Founded by Ishmael -conquered Persia (modern-day Iran) -promoted Shia Islam Safavid Empire ( ) Ishmael B. Religious Tyranny -no religious toleration for either infidels (non-muslims) or Sunni Muslims C. War w/ Ottomans to purify Islam -resulted in Safavid defeat -adopted the use of gunpowder artillery D. Established modern borders b/w Iraq and Iran

57 Golden Age of Shah Abbas A. Reorganized the military based on an Ottoman Model -Persian Army and Recruited Christians -Equipped w/ Artillery (Gunpowder) Shah Abbas B. Reformed government -eliminated corruption -positions based on merit -practiced religious toleration to encourage foreign trade C. Established a new capital at Esfahan -employed foreign and Safavid artisans to build and outfit the city -Sponsored culture and arts -Persian Carpets D. Weak and cruel leaders led to the collapse of the Dynasty

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60 Mughal Empire ( ) A. Product of Islamic invasion of the Subcontinent B. 300 year struggle b/w Muslims and Hindus -sowed the seeds for later conflict C. Founded by Babur -Descendant of the Mongols D. Military conquests laid the foundations of the empire Babur

61 Battle of Panipat (1526) Babur defeating Ibrahim the Sultan of Delhi

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63 Golden of Age of Akbar A. Used gunpowder technology to expand his power and maintain control B. Fostered peace b/w Muslims and Hindus -promoted cultural blending C. Moderate rule: -religious toleration -replaced tribute tax w/ an agricultural tax (fair and affordable) -granted rotating land grants to officials D. Weak successors and the arrival of Europeans caused the collapse of the Empire

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67 British East India Co. Sepoy Army French East India Co Bengal Army.

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69 A. Decline of the Mughal Empire Arrival of Europeans -weak leadership and factionalism B. 17 th -18 th Century Interaction w/ European Traders (Dutch, French, and British) -East India Companies take control of major ports on the Subcontinent C. Battle of Plassey (1757)- British East India Company led by Sir Robert Clive and Indian Sepoys defeat the French -Jewel of the Crown D. Rise of the British Empire -rule the Subcontinent until the end of World War II ( )

70 Ottoman Empire Founder: Othman Golden Age: Islam: Religious Toleration (YES/NO) Safavid Empire Founder: Golden Age: Islam: Religious Toleration (YES/NO) Mughal Empire Founder: Golden Age: Islam: Sunni/ Shia/ Sikhism Religious Toleration (YES/NO)

71 Ottoman Empire Founder: Othman Golden Age: Suleiman Islam: Sunni Religious Toleration Safavid Empire Founder: Ishmael (religious tyranny/ forced conversions) Golden Age: Shah Abbas (religious toleration/ foreign trade) Islam: Shia Tyranny to Toleration Mughal Empire Founder: Babur Golden Age: Akbar Islam: Sunni/ Shia/ Sikhism Religious Toleration