Name: Grade 10 AP World History. Chapter Study Guide

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1 Chapter Study Guide Chapter 11: The First Global Civilization: The Rise of Islam Chapter 12: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization Chapter 13: African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam Short Answer Questions Read chapters from your textbook and answer the following questions based on the reading in the space provided. 1. Describe the social organization of the Arabs prior to the introduction of Islam. 2. Compare and contrast the status of women in Islam during the pre-islamic period and the Umayyad empire. 3. What were the common elements of African society prior to the incursion of Islam? 4. By what means was conversion of sub-saharan Africa carried out? What were the primary avenues of Islamic entry into sub-saharan Africa? 1

2 5. Why was Islam able to appeal to people of so many different cultures? 6. What was the essential dispute within Islam over the succession of the Prophet? 7. What was the difference between the Abbasid empire and the Umayyad empire? 8. Explain the reasons for the political disruption of the Abbasid empire prior to the rise of the Buyids. 9. Describe the social position of women during the Abbasid empire. 10. Discuss the religious trends of the Abbasid era and their impact on the expansion of Islam. 2

3 11. In what sense did the Muslim incursions into the Indian subcontinent result in Islamic influences on Hindus? To what extent were Muslims affected by Indian culture? 12. By what means did Islam spread to southeast Asia? 13. Islamic influence was strongest in the Sudanic states and the Swahili coast. Compare and contrast the political forms of these regions. What does this suggest about the nature of Islamic influence in Africa? 14. Compare and contrast the political forms of the African states not affected by Islam (Yoruba, Benin, Kongo, Zimbabwe) with those that were (the Sudanic states and the Swahili coast). 15. Given the geographical location of those African states most affected by Islam, what were the most important points of contact between African and Islamic societies? What does this suggest about the nature of Islamic conversion? 3

4 Create a list of important terms and concepts you will need to know. Chapters Term/Name Definition Memory Clue Page# 4

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9 1 Which of the following statements most accurately describes the extent of sedentary agriculture in the Arabian peninsula? a. There was no sedentary agriculture in the Arabian peninsula because of the extreme aridity of the climate. b. In the far north along the borders with the Persian empire sedentary agriculture was common. c. Only in the coastal regions of the far south of the Arabian peninsula did extensive sedentary agriculture develop in ancient times. d. Sedentary agriculture was distributed throughout the peninsula as the result of the construction of extensive irrigation systems. 2. Which of the following cultures found in the Arabian peninsula was most significant in shaping the development of Islam? a. Bedouin b. Urban c. Sedentary agricultural villages d. Hunting and gathering 3. Which of the following statements concerning inter-clan relationships in bedouin society is most accurate? a. Clans within the same tribe almost never engaged in warfare, but violence between different tribes was common. b. Arabic society was too mobile to result in many contacts between clans, therefore violence was minimal. c. Inter-clan violence over control of water and pasturage was common. d. Inter-clan violence was regulated by a universally recognized code of law imposed by the Quraysh in Mecca. 4. What was the nature of the material culture of bedouin society? a. The bedouins constructed numerous temple complexes featuring monumental architecture in the form of pyramids. b. Although their nomadic lifestyle did not permit the development of monumental architectural forms, the bedouins were skilled painters and sculptors. c. Mecca was a major center for the development of art and architecture, but the desert bedouin produced little of cultural value. d. Except in the sedentary agricultural communities of the south, there was little art or architecture; and the chief focus of cultural creativity was oral poetry. 5. What happened after Muhammad's death in 632? a. Many of the bedouin tribes renounced Islam. b. Islam ceased to exist until it was reestablished under the Umayyad dynasty at Damascus. c. After a lengthy period of grief, the tribes selected a new leader based on the established principle of succession in the Qu'ran. d. A military commander, Khalid ibn al-walid, was chosen as leader of Islam. 6. Why did the Arab warriors not want to convert large numbers of people to Islam? a. Muhammad specifically stated that Islam could only be spread among the Arabs. b. They would have had to share their booty and would have lost tax revenues. c. They lacked the political organization to govern them and feared insurrection by non-arabs. d. Conversion would have slowed down the process of conquest. 7. The political and theological faction within Islam that recognized only Ali and the descendants of the family of Muhammad as rightful rulers was called a. Shi'as. b. Sunnis. c. Kharij. d. Fiqhs. 8. What was the Umayyad attitude to other religions? a. The Umayyads suppressed all religions within their territories other than Islam. b. The Umayyads converted to Christianity, but continued to permit the open worship of Islam. c. The Umayyads displayed tolerance towards the religions of dhimmi peoples. d. Christianity and Judaism were suppressed as heresies, but other communities were permitted to retain their religions. 9. What was the nature of the economy of the Abbasid period? a. It was a period of general prosperity typified by urban growth and the restoration of the Afro- Eurasian trade axis. b. There was a general crisis in the agricultural economy resulting from the constant warfare of the period. c. The economic downturn of the era was typified by the breakdown in the trade between the Middle East and China. d. Although commerce was generally resuscitated during the Abbasid period, artisan production dropped off significantly. 9

10 10. What was the nature of slavery within the Abbasid social system? a. According to the Qur'an, slavery could not exist in Islam, and the Abbasid freed all former slaves. b. Slavery was limited to the non-arab converts to Islam, and died out during the period of the Abbasid empire. c. Because most unskilled labor was left to the unfree, slaves could be found in both the towns and countryside of the Abbasid empire. d. Slavery was known in Abbasid cities, but was virtually unknown in the countryside where most labor was performed by a free peasantry. 11. How did the Caliph al-mahdi resolve the problem of succession in the Abbasid dynasty? a. He specified the rule of primogeniture, the succession of the oldest son. b. He accepted the Shi'a doctrine that only the person with the most direct relationship to Muhammad should succeed. c. He accepted the radical proposition that only a man of demonstrable Islamic purity should succeed. d. He failed to resolve the problem of dynastic succession with disastrous results. 12. What was al-mahdi's attitude toward the Shi'as? a. He viewed them as opponents of his dynasty and attempted to eliminate them. b. He appealed to the moderate factions of the Shi'as to support the Abbasid dynasty. c. He accepted the fundamental doctrines of the Shi'as and abdicated. d. In order to placate the Shi'as, al-mahdi lived a pious life of poverty and simplicity. 13. Which of the following statements concerning women during the Abbasid era is most accurate? a. No Islamic women engaged in labor. b. Women often married at puberty, set at age nine. c. Rich women had many career outlets in Islamic cities. d. Abbasid women had vastly greater freedom than did women in the first century of Islam. 14. What was the impact of the Seljuk conquest of Baghdad on the Abbasid empire? a. The empire continued to crumble as a result of the military successes of Fatimid Egypt and the Byzantine empire. b. The imposition of a Christian government in the name of the Abbasid Caliphs temporarily restored order. c. The Seljuks abandoned the Middle East for further conquests in the Indian subcontinent. d. It actually restored the ability of the empire to meet the challenges of Egypt and the Byzantine empire. 15. What was the trend of urbanization during much of the Abbasid empire? a. Because the Abbasids abandoned Baghdad for other capitals, cities within the empire tended to wither and die. b. Successive invasions led to a decline in urbanization. c. Despite political disintegration and a decline in the agricultural economy, towns continued to grow rapidly. d. Towns established in the early years of the dynasty were able to hold their own, but there was little growth. 16. How did the political center of Islam change after the Mongol invasions? a. Baghdad remained the capital of Islam, but under the control of successive Mongol dynasties. b. The center of Islam passed with the withdrawal of the invaders into the steppes of central Asia. c. Baghdad became a provincial backwater, supplanted by Cairo to the east and soon thereafter Istanbul to the north. d. The political center of Islam was removed to sub-saharan Africa. 17. How did Islam and Hinduism differ? a. Hinduism stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Islam was more rigid in terms of orthodox belief. b. Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism was more rigid in terms of orthodox belief. c. Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism embraced a castebased social system. d. Hinduism stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Islam embraced a caste-based social system. 18. What ruler was associated with the transition from raiding to the establishment of an Islamic empire in the Indian subcontinent? a. Mahmud of Ghazni b. Muhammad ibn Qasim c. Hajjaj d. Muhammad of Ghur 19. Why were the Sufis effective missionaries within the Indian subcontinent? a. They enjoyed the support of the Hindu princes because of their support for brahmin ritual b. In both style and message they shared much with Indian mystics and wandering ascetics c. They were supported by huge armies of Arabs who migrated to India in search of land d. They rejected low caste Hindus in preference for converts among the brahmin elite 10

11 20. What was the nature of Islamic religion that developed in southeast Asia? a. Because most of the missionaries were ulama from Arabia, the religion most closely resembled Islam as practiced in the first generations after Muhammad. b. Because Islam came to southeast Asia from India and was spread by Sufi holy men, it developed a mystical nature that incorporated much of indigenous religion. c. Because Islam was carried to southeast Asia from China, it bore many of the characteristics of Buddhism. d. Because Islam was carried by conquering warriors from India, it rejected the native Buddhism and Hinduism in preference for more conservative Islamic orthodoxy. 21. Between 800 and 1500 as the frequency and intensity of contact with the outside world increased, what was the chief impact on sub- Saharan Africa? a. The arrival of the Portuguese b. The arrival of Christianity c. The arrival of Islam d. The arrival of Chinese merchants 22. What was the function of secret societies in African culture? a. They smuggled valuable gold across the Sahara and established vital trade routes with the Mediterranean. b. Because secret societies were restricted to females, they permitted women to have an invisible, but powerful, role in political affairs within African societies. c. Because their membership cut across lineage divisions, they acted to maintain stability within the community and diminish clan feuds. d. They served as a disruptive and revolutionary force in African society forestalling the formation of larger states. 23. The Sahel refers to the a. grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara that served as a point of exchange between the forests of the south and north Africa. b. East African coastline that became the primary point of contact for Muslim merchants from India and southeast Asia and African traders. c. series of trading ports that rapidly developed along the Atlantic coast to support the trade in African slaves. d. forest zone of central Africa that remained free of Islamic influence largely because of the inability of the camel to withstand the climate of the region. 24. What was the geographical location of the empire of Mali? a. Between the Zambezi and Congo Rivers b. Between the cities of Mogadishu and Mombasa c. Between the Niger and Senegal Rivers d. Along the Nile River valley 25. What was the nature of urbanization within the Mali Empire? a. As a conquest empire, Mali possessed garrison cities for its soldiers, but failed to develop commercial centers. b. Mali possessed "port cities" along the Niger River such as Jenne and Timbuktu that flourished both commercially and culturally. c. The "cities" of Mali were essentially religious and palace complexes that lacked populations of specialists other than men devoted to religious observances. d. Mali failed to develop cities prior to its fall. 26. Why was Islam so readily adopted by rulers within the Sudan? a. They were all conquered by overwhelming Muslim armies and forcibly converted to Islam. b. The Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and religious authority reinforced traditional ideas of kingship. c. The Muslim concept of religious equality allowed rulers to dispose of the traditional clans and lineages of Africa. d. As a monotheistic religion, Islam was much like the traditional religions of Africa. 27. How did contact with the Muslim world affect the African slave trade? a. Because of the Muslim emphasis on equality of all believers, early Muslim rulers suppressed the slave trade. b. Slavery was unknown in African society until the Muslims introduced it. c. With the Muslim conquests of north Africa and commercial penetration to the south, slavery became a more widely diffused phenomenon and the slave trade developed rapidly. d. Despite the Muslim acceptance of slavery and its widespread use in Islamic society outside of Africa, Muslims generally refused to accept black slaves. 28. Which of the following groups did NOT migrate to the coastal region of east Africa? a. Bantu b. Seaborne immigrants from Indonesia and Malaya c. Refugees from Oman and the Persian Gulf d. Berbers from north Africa 11

12 29. What was the impact of the Portuguese arrival on the trading patterns of the east African coast? a. Despite great effort to shift the focus of trade into their own hands, the Portuguese were never able to control the trade on the northern Swahili coast. b. The Portuguese arrival disrupted the normal trade lines so severely that African trade with Indian and southeast Asia ceased to exist for centuries. c. The Portuguese rapidly used their military superiority to control all aspects of trade along the east African coast. d. The Portuguese allied themselves with Christians from Ethiopia in a combined assault on the east African coast that resulted in the destruction of the urbanized ports. 30. Which of the following statements concerning the impact of Islam on sub-saharan Africa is most accurate? a. Islam cut off north Africa from the regions of sub-saharan Africa. b. Although Africa had never been totally isolated from the Mediterranean, the spread of Islam brought large areas of Africa within the global community. c. With the conversion of regions of the continent to Islam, Africa became the center of the Islamic world. d. Despite widespread conversion of Africans to Islam, the continent remained outside the trading sphere of the Islamic world. 12

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