The long-term relocation of an individual or group outside their place of origin

Transcription

1 The long-term relocation of an individual or group outside their place of origin

2 Dust Bowl Migrants U.S. 1930s

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5 Immigration Coming to a new place Emigration Leaving a place of origin Example: coming to the United States Example: leaving Mexico

6 Push and Pull Factors Push Factors: those things that make people leave their place of origin Economic (#1) Cultural Environmental Pull Factors: those things that make people come to a specific place Economic (#1) Cultural Environmental

7 Internal Moving from one place to another within the borders of a country Example: people moving from the countryside to a city in the same country External (International) Moving from one country to another country Example: people moving from Mexico to the United States

8 Economic Increasing disparity between haves and have nots Cultural Ethnic tensions and resulting violence Environmental Global warming: climate refugees Fleeing low-lying areas, like coasts and floodplains New Orleans, Bangladesh, island nations Fleeing drought and famine in dry areas Example: desertification in the Sahel region of Africa

9 Forced People are forced to leave their country and move to a new place 2 main cultural reasons Slavery War (euphemistically called political instability ) Example: African Slaves brought to the New World in chains largest forced migration in history Refugees People who have been forced to move due to persecution Asylees those granted asylum in a new country Voluntary People choose to move to a new place to lead a better life Most migrants are in this category

10 Native Americans put on reservations in 1800s Internal migration Forced migration Cultural reasons Cause: European migrants wanted the land Europeans coming to the New World External migration Voluntary migration Economic reasons most common Cultural Puritans leaving England Environmental Irish Potato Famine Cause: Population explosion in Europe

11 Gender Mostly males (55%) before 1990s 85% of undocumented were males before 1990s Now reversed, women currently 55% of all migrants Women now in the work force in origin countries Age Mostly late teens and early twenties in 1800s Still young adults are most common (20s and 30s) Mostly single, no children More women with children coming now Least likely to migrate are elderly Exception: grandparents joining families already in U.S.

12 Women migrants are becoming more common

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15 Most migrants relocate a short distance away in the same country Example: moving from rural area to a big city in search of wage labor Long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity Example: moving from Mexico to Los Angeles

16 Distance Decay Theory Most like to relocate to a close place Rural to urban since the Industrial Revolution Going on at a fast pace today, 50% of people now urban From LDCs to MDCs People leaving developing countries for better opportunities in developed countries Net Out-migration: Asia, Latin America, Africa Net In-migration: North America, Europe, Oceana 3 largest flows currently: To Europe from Asia To North America from Asia To North America from Latin America

17 Leading destination for international migrants Most Americans are direct descendants of immigrants About 12% of current U.S. population are immigrants Demand for labor in U.S. pulls immigrants U.S. / Mexico border longest border in the world between an LDC and an MDC Reason for Mexico being largest origin country for U.S. immigrants

18 Guest workers migrate from LDCs to Europe and the Middle East Perform low-paying unskilled jobs not favored by citizens In Europe, guest workers are protected by minimum wage laws, unions, and other programs 700,000 legally each year, plus 500,000 illegally About 1/10 th of the workforce but varies by country Patterns of European guest workers England former British colonies like Pakistan, India, West Indies, Nigeria, and Ireland Germany Turkey, 250,00 currently, largest France former French colonies like Algeria and Morocco

19 Migrated for contract work, then stayed permanently Indians Burma, Malaysia, Guyana, eastern and southern Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad Japanese and Filipinos Hawaii and Brazil Chinese United States west coast (railroad and mining) China 33 million ethnic Chinese now live in other countries, mostly in Asia Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines

20 17 th and 18 th Centuries British colonists and African slaves Mid-19 th to early 20 th Centuries Up to 1890s: Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia After 1890s: Southern and Eastern Europe Late 20 th and early 21 st Centuries Latin America, primarily Mexico Asia, primarily China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

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23 Quota Laws (1921 and 1924) Designed to keep out Southern and Eastern Europeans Xenophobia, strong anti-immigrant sentiment, thought to be inferior, not able to assimilate Each year would only admit 2% of the number of people of that national origin living in the U.S. in the 1910 census In effect until 1960s

24 Immigration Act of 1965 Hemisphere quotas, then global quotas Total admitted each year 620,000 No more than 7% from any one country Family reunification and skilled workers first No limits on spouses, parents, children of U.S. citizens Lottery for remaining spots Quota does not apply to refugees Automatically admitted if judged true refugee

25 More than one half of all immigrants in four states: California, New York, Florida, Texas Coastal states are usually gateways Mexican: California, Texas, Illinois Caribbean: Florida, New York Indians: New York East Asians: California

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27 Proximity distance decay theory Chain migration relatives or friends are what draw new immigrants to areas Example: Glendale for Armenian immigrants Immigrant communities or enclaves help new arrivals get settled and feel at home Jobs People go where the jobs are Example: Mexicans to Illinois for meat packing

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29 Immigrant Enclave

30 About one half enter as students or tourists and stay About one half slip across the border undetected How many? Around 10 million. Most are employed, about 5% of U.S. labor Farming, cleaning, construction, food preparation, factories

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32 Employers hire undocumented for less pay, no benefits, unable to complain If there are jobs, people will come! Border is 2000 miles long, longest border between MDC and LDC in the world Hard to patrol, fences broken, just markers Expensive and dangerous to cross border Coyotes charge a lot to help cross Obtain papers and Social Security card

33 Some dislike so-called illegal immigrants Taking jobs from Americans Too many, changing the country, crime Drain on schools, hospitals, other services Some welcome undocumented immigrants Recognize they take jobs no one else wants Understand their contribution to the economy Need for temporary farm workers

34 Movement from one part of the country to another Example: opening the American West Center of American population moved west in 1800s transcontinental railroad, homesteading Similar in other countries like Russia, Brazil with frontier regions Incentives or quotas to control population movement in other countries

35 Changing center of American Population Shifts westward first, then southward in late 20 th century

36 Brazilia new capital built to encourage settlement in Brazil s interior

37 Movement within a region Usually from rural to urban (LDCs now) Pushed by declining agricultural work Seek industrial jobs in cities Slum settlements due to overcrowding Urban to suburban (MDCs now) Drawn by suburban lifestyle, not jobs Causes rapid expansion into surrounding land Counterurbanization: reverse migration back to city centers

38 Net Migration By County

39 Manila slum

40 Manhattan Apartment

41 Ellis Island - waiting for ferry to Manhattan in 1912