9.1 Overview. Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Control network for entire body. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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1 9.1 Overview Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Control network for entire body Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Provide motor and sensory communication between CNS and body Sensory information travels from PNS to CNS Motor information travels from CNS to PNS

2 Overview, cont. In fetus, CNS first component of nervous system to develop Starts out as hollow tube called neural tube Neuroglia spread to various parts of the body to form PNS Organs of nervous system = nerves

3 Central Nervous System CNS isolated from rest of body by layers of membranes encased in body covering Brain lies within cranial cavity Directly connects to spinal cord through foramen magnum in occipital bone Spinal cord runs through flexible tunnel called vertebral canal» Major blood vessels enter and exit here

4 Meninges Three layers of tissue called meninges surround the brain and spinal cord Dura mater outermost Pressed tightly against bony surface of cranium Acts as barrier against trauma Arachnoid mater Thin, delicate like a spiders web Cushion the CNS from rapid movements and blunt hits Subarachnoid space cavity between arachnoid matter and pia mater» Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, many blood vessels Pia mater Makes direct contact with brain and spinal cord Carrying the blood vessels into CNS Forms sheaths over nerves passing through outer meninges layers Assists in production of cerebrospinal fluid

5 Meninges of Brain

6 CNS, cont. Noted for patterns for gray and white color when viewed without microscope Gray matter Composed of concentrated areas of neuron cell bodies Gray because neurons accumulate the darkpigmented fat called lipfuscin Mostly on surface, or cortex White matter Color comes from light-color fats making up myelin cell membranes

7

8 Brain Developmentally divided into three parts Forebrain Largest division of embryonic brain Midbrain Neurons that connects with the forebrain and organizes sensory information Hindbrain Lowermost portion of embryonic brain, just above spinal cord All develop specific functions as they develop Parts work closely together to coordinate control

9 Forebrain.. Forms the cerebrum and diencephalon (largest and most anterior portion of brain) Responsible for emotions, memory, motor development, and thought Cerebral cortex gray matter covering the brain If stretched out, would cover an area 18 sq. ft. Nourished by blood vessels that form blood-brain barrier Prevents harmful substances from entering brain Also selective against many medications a constant problem.

10 Cerebrum Left and right halves cerebral hemispheres Separated by midsagittal crease called the longitudinal cerebral fissure Left specialized for language and speech Dominant left more adept at language skills and analytical processing Science and math Right creative perception Dominant right - musicians, artists Corpus callosum band of white matter connecting left and right hemispheres of cerebrum

11 Brain Lobes Hemispheres further divided into four distinct anatomically regions called lobes Frontal lobe - Processes intellectual information and helps organize thoughts Parietal lobe involved mostly in emotions and sensory information Temporal lobe organizes and stores the memories of sounds and vision Occipital lobe interprets vision and assists with eye function

12 Midbrain Small strip of neurons that connects the cerebrum to the hindbrain Posses auditory and visual reflex areas Controls ability of the eye to adjust to changes Coordinates motor function Produce neurotransmitter dopamine Decrease responsible for Parkinson s Directly attached to midbrain is the pons

13 Hindbrain Pons is the first component of hindbrain Medulla oblongata connects pons to hindbrain Regulates involuntary body functions Blood pressure, breathing, heart rate, and swallowing Cereberellum posterior to pons 3 rd component of hindbrain Balance, posture, coordination of body movements Brainstem midbrain and hindbrain collectively.

14 Spinal Cord Extends from base of medulla oblongata Spinal cord is nervous tissue enclosed in vertebral column Meninges cover outer surface Contains hollow core called central canal Canal contains cerebral spinal fluid Spinal cord narrows down to loose strands of nerve tracts that exit the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

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