LARGE MATURING DECIDUOUS TREES

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1 Chapter Appendix 1: Trees and Shrubs Recommended Trees and Shrubs and List of Invasive Species Common Name Botanical Name Mature Height (feet) LARGE MATURING DECIDUOUS TREES Ash, Green1 Fraxinus* pennsylvanica Ash, White Fraxinus americana Baldcypress Taxodium distichum Birch, River Betula nigra Hackberry, Common Celtis occidentalis Hackberry, Sugar Celtis laevigata Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Maple, Sugar1 Acer saccaharum Oak, Laurel Quercus hemisphaerica (laurifolia) Oak, Northern Red Quercus rubra Oak, Pin Quercus palustris Oak, Sawtooth2 Quercus acutissima Oak, Shumard Quercus shumardii Oak, Southern Red Quercus falcata Oak, Water Quercus nigra Oak, White Quercus alba Oak, Willow Quercus phellos Pagoda Tree, Japanese1 Sophora japonica Sycamore Platanus occidentalis Tulip Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera White Willow Salix alba Zelkova, Japanese2 Zelkova serrata MEDIUM MATURING DECIDUOUS TREES Black Gum Nyssa sylvatica Chanticleer Pear2(Substitute for Bradford or Pyrus calleryana Aristocrat Pears) Carolina Silverbell Halesia tetraptera Dogwood, Flowering1 Cornus florida Eastern Redbud1 Cercis canadensis Golden Raintree1 Koelreuteria paniculata Hornbeam Carpinus beulus Katsura Tree Cercidiphyllum japonicum Magnolia, Saucer Magnolia soulangiana Maple, Red1 Acer rubrum Species with many varieties. 2 Species may become invasive and should be planted with care. A-2

2 Common Name Botanical Name Mature Height (feet) SMALL MATURING DECIDUOUS TREES Chaste Tree Vitex negundo Cherry, Japanese1 Prunus serrulata Cherry, Yoshino Prunus x yedoensis Cherry-Laurel Prunus caroliniana Flowering Crabapple1 Malus sp XCherry, Japanese Weeping Prunus subhirtella Crape Myrtle1 Lagerstoemia sp Dogwood, Kousa Cornus kousa Hawthorne1 Crataegus sp Magnolia, Sweetbay1 Magnolia virginiana 10-20, some varieties larger Magnolia, Star1 Magnolia stellata Maple, Amur2 Acer ginnala Maple, Hedge Acer campestre Maple, Japanese1 Acer palmatum Serviceberry Amelanchier sp Smoketree Cotinus coggyria LARGE MATURING DECIDUOUS SHRUBS Fringetree Chinonanthus virginicus Silverberry Eleagnus commutata Winged Euonymus2 Euonymus alatus 5-8 Common Fig Tree Ficus Carica 8-12 Common Witch-hazel Hamamellis virginiana 8-15 Possumhaw Ilex decidua Common Lilac Syringa vulgaris, also reticulata Burkwood Viburnum Viburnum X burkwoodii 6-8 Doublefile Viburnum Viburnum plicatum 8-10 Althea1 Hibiscus syriacus 8-12 EVERGREEN Eastern Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana Carolina Cherrylaurel Prunus caroliniana Holly, American1 Ilex opaca Holly, Chinese (Tree Form) Ilex cornuta 8-15 Xholly, Foster Ilex X attenuata Holly, Hume Ilex X attenuata Holly, Nellie R. Stevens Illex X 'Nellie R Stevens' Holly, Yaupon1 Ilex vomitoria Holly, Savannah1 Ilex X attenuata Magnolia, Southern1 Magnolia grandiflora Loquat Eriobotrya japonica A-3

3 Common Name Botanical Name Mature Height (feet) Pine, Loblolly Pinus taeda Pine, Shortleaf Pinus echinata Spruce, Norway Picea abies Myrtle, Wax Myrica cerifera This is a species with many varieties. 2. Species may become invasive and should be planted with care. RECOMMENDED TREES FOR PARKING LOTS AND PAVED AREAS COMMON NAME LATIN NAME CUTIVARS AND COMMENTS Maple, Hedge Acer campestre Maple, Amur1 Acer ginnala European Hornbeam Carpinus betulus Katsuratree Cercidiphyllum japonicum Cornelian Cherry Cornus mas Cockspur Hawthorne Crataegus crusgalli 25 Arizona Cypress Cupressus glabra Green Ash2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Honeylocust2 Gleditsia triacanthos 45 Foster's Holly Ilex X attenuate Savannah Holly Ilex X attenuate Chinese Juniper Juniperus chinensis Many varieties, variable heights Rocky Mountain Juniper Juniperus scopulorum Eastern Red Cedar2 Juniperus virginiana 40 Goldenraintree2 Koelreuteria paniculata Japanese Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia fauriei 30 Magnolia, Southern2 Magnolia grandiflora 30 Magnolia, Sweetbay2 Magnolia virginiana Crabapple Malus baccata 25 Crabapple Malus X 18 Hophornbeam, American2 Ostrya virginiana Persian, parrotia Parrotia persica Chinese Pistache Pistacia chinensis Oak, Sawtooth1 Quercus acutissima Oak, Scarlet2 Quercus coccinea 70 Oak, Overcup2 Quercus lyrata Oak, Swamp Chestnut Quercus michauxii 70 Oak, Chinese Evergreen Quercus myrsinifolia 40 Oak, English Quercus robur 70 Oak, Pin Quercus palustris Species may become invasive and should be planted with care. 2 Native species. A-4

4 COMMON NAME LATIN NAME CUTIVARS AND COMMENTS Japanese Pagodatree Sophora japonica 50 Pondcypress2 Taxodium ascendens Arborvitae T. orientalis, T. plicata Littleleaf Linden2 Tilia cordata 60 Elm, Lacebark Ulmus parvifolia 40 Chastetree Vitex agnu-castus 20 Japanese Zelkova1 Zelkova serrata Species may become invasive and should be planted with care. 2. Indicates native species. STREET TREES COMMON NAME LATIN NAME MATURE HEIGHT (FEET) Ash, Green1 Fraxinus* pennsylvanica Ash, White Fraxinus americana Black Gum Nyssa sylvatica Chinese Pistache Pistacia chinensis Common Lilac Syringa vulgaris, also reticulata Crabapple Malus baccata 25 Crabapple Malus X 18 Cherry-Laurel Prunus caroliniana Eastern Red Cedar1 Juniperus virginiana 40 Elm, Lacebark Ulmus parvifolia 40 Flowering Crabapple1 Malus sp Fringetree Chinonanthus virginicus Dogwood, Kousa Cornus kousa Golden Raintree1 Koelreuteria paniculata Hackberry, Sugar Celtis laevigata Honeylocust1 Gleditsia triacanthos 45 Hornbeam Carpinus beulus Japanese Pagodatree Sophora japonica 50 Japanese Zelkova2 Zelkova serrata 50 Littleleaf Linden1 Tilia cordata 60 Maple, Amur2 Acer ginnala Maple, Hedge Acer campestre Oak, Chinese Evergreen Quercus myrsinifolia 40 Oak, Laurel Quercus hemisphaerica (laurifolia) Oak, Northern Red Quercus rubra Oak, Overcup1 Quercus lyrata Oak, Pin Quercus palustris Oak, Scarlet1 Quercus coccinea 70 Oak, Shumard Quercus shumardii Native species. 2 Species may become invasive and should be planted with care. A-5

5 COMMON NAME LATIN NAME MATURE HEIGHT (FEET) Oak, Southern Red Quercus falcata Oak, Swamp Chestnut Quercus michauxii 70 Oak, Sawtooth2 Quercus acutissima Oak, Water Quercus nigra Oak, White Quercus alba Oak, Willow Quercus phellos Pondcypress1 Taxodium ascendens Serviceberry Amelanchier sp Indicates native species. 2. Species may become invasive and should be planted with care. INVASIVE OR EXOTIC SPECIES IN NORTH CAROLINA: SEVERE THREAT (SHOULD NOT BE PLANTED) COMMON NAME LATIN NAME Tree of Heaven Ailathus altissima Mimosa, Silktree Albizia julibrissen Russian Olive Eleagnus angustifolia Autumn Olive Eleagnus umbellata Chinese Privet Ligustrum sinense Princess Tree, Paulownia Paulownia tomentosa SIGNIFICANT THREAT (SHOULD NOT BE PLANTED ADJACENT TO NATIVE FOREST) COMMON NAME LATIN NAME Burning Bush Winter Creeper Japanese Privet Common Privet White Mulberry Bradford Pear English Ivy Chinese Wisteria Japanese Wisteria Kudzu Euonymus alata Euonymus fortunei Ligustrum japonicum Ligustrum vulgare Morus alba Pyrus calleryana Hereda helix Wisteria sinensis Wisteria floribunda Pueraria Montana A-6

6 Pruning Standards Pruning Standards: The ANSI pruning standards have been drafted to address pruning specifications across all geographic areas. Knowledge of the growth of tree species within a given environment may alter how the recommendations are interpreted. The following information is designed to help readers understand exactly what will be accomplished in a pruning operation. Branch Specifications Branch Size Minimum or maximum diameter size of branches to be removed should be specified Pruning Objectives Hazard Reduction Pruning Recommended when the objective is to reduce the danger caused by visibly defined hazards. E.g. Removing dead limbs hanging over a park bench Maintenance Pruning Recommended when the primary objective is to maintain or improve tree health. Pruning Types Crown Clearing Selective removal of dead, dying or diseased branches, weak branches or water sprouts. Crown Thinning Selective removal to increase light penetration, air movement, and to reduce weight. Crown raising Removal of lower branches to provide clearance. Crown reduction or shaping Pruning to decrease height and/or spread of a tree. Amount dependent on tree species. Vista Pruning Selective thinning of framework limbs or specific areas of crown to allow views from specific spots Crown restoration Designed to improve structure, form, and appearance of trees that have been severely headed, vandalized, or storm damaged. Caliper to Height Ratios for Deciduous Trees Standard Shade Slow Growing Trees Small Upright Trees Caliper in inches Average Range Maximum Minimum Average Range 2 to 3 5/16 3 to 4 7/16 4 to 5 9/16 5 to 6 11/16 6 to 8 7/8 ½ to 3/4 5 to ¾ to 1 6 to to 1 1/4 8 to ¼ to 1 ½ 8 to ½ to 1 ¾ 10 to ¾ to 2 10 to to 2 ½ 12 to ½ to 3 12 to to 3 ½ 14 to ½ to 4 14 to to 5 16 to A-7

7 Standard Shade Slow Growing Trees Small Upright Trees Caliper in inches Average Range Maximum Minimum Average Range 5 to 6 18 and up Height to Spread Ratios for Coniferous Nursery Trees Height in Inches Spread Range in Inches 12 to 15 8 to to 18 9 to to to to to to to to to to to to to 48 Equation 1: Height to Spread ratio should be no less than 2:1. A-8