Week 4: Covert Action. Free and Fair Elections
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1 Week 4: Covert Action Free and Fair Elections
2 When aid isn t enough, why not electoral fraud?
3 Electoral Fraud is not just ballot manipulation Several methods throughout election process:
4 Electoral Fraud is not just ballot manipulation Several methods throughout election process: Registration bans. Disinformation or intimidation during campaigns. Vote buying
5 Fraud in Eastern Europe Some soviet occupied countries hold free elections after WWII. Hungary Czechoslovakia 1945.
6 Independent Smallholders win 1945 Hungarian election 57% of the vote Forced to coalition with communists Communists given interior ministry. Fragment after election under Soviet salami tactics
7 Parliamentary elections called for 1947 Right wing parties banned, 10% electorate disqualified for Nazi ties Non-communist parties intimidated by internal security Up to 200,000 fraudulent votes for the communists.
8 Communists win 22% of the vote Pro-Soviet parties fail to win majority. Opposition fragments after elections. Hungary becomes one-party state in 1949.
9 Poland in 1946 Post-occupation government and army already pro-soviet. Referendum on three issues: Abolition of the senate. Agricultural reforms. New western border (Annexation of German territory. Communists support yes on all three
10 Results
11 Parliamentary elections in 1947 Right-wing parties banned. PPP only opposition. Arrests and murders of PPP members before election. Communist bloc wins 80% of the vote.
12 Romania 1946 Constitutional Monarchy continues after WWII Elections in Diverse pro-soviet bloc. Army support and intimidation of opposition.
13 Communist bloc wins 68% Real count around 45% for communist bloc. Monarchy is disbanded after election. One-party state formed.
14 Eastern Bloc Elections Communist countries had regular elections. Participation mandatory. One choice.
15 Why did Soviets bother with elections?
16 Why did Soviets bother with elections? Information about popularity of communism. Give pro-soviet rule domestic legitimacy. Merge existing political forces. International legitimacy and legal basis.
17 Italy after WWII
18 1946 Elections Monarchy abolished. Christian Democrats win plurality Enter grand coalition with socialists, communists until Alcide de Gasperi becomes PM.
19 Italian economy on the verge of collapse by 1948; socialists and communists unite.
20 US extremely worried Fear Italy will fall to Soviet influence with communist win. Deploys covert tactics to help Christian Democrats: CIA funding Radio messages against communist party. Withholding visas from families of communist supporters.
21 Christian Democrats win absolute majority
22 Uninterrupted Christian Democratic rule until 1994
23 West German Communist Party Small, but supported in the Ruhr region. Communist newspapers banned, members arrested before 1949 elections. Fails to get seats in 1953 election. Party banned in 1956.
24 Why did the US employ antidemocratic tactics?
25 Why did the US employ antidemocratic tactics? Fear of communist spread to Western Europe. Any electoral victory=permanent foothold. German communists advocated unification with East.
26 Domestic Effects: Eastern Europe Unpopular regimes. Rule by fear, personality cults. Frequent Uprisings. More in week 6.
27 Domestic Effects: Terrorism in West Germany and Italy Red Brigades in Italy Red Army Faction in Germany. Initially Baader-Meinhof Group. Stems from political exclusion of the left, growing youth disaffection
28 Red Brigades Rose out of 1970s student movement. Carried out bombings, robberies and assassinations. Kidnap and murder former PM Aldo Moro in 1977
29 Red Army Faction Baader and Meinhof (first wave). German Autumn Support from up to 25% of youth in West Germany.
30 Is electoral fraud justifiable? Strategically? Morally?
31 Pattern of Fraud Location: One superpower has influence/intelligence advantage. Tactics: More violent/blatant if benefactor less popular. Outcome: Short term political gain, long term unrest.
32 On Thursday Coups and Popular Revolutions
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