1. Example vector problem

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1 Name: Skill Sheet 7.A Adding Displacement Vectors A displacement vector is a quantity that contains two separate pieces of information: () magnitude or size, and () direction. When you add displacement vectors, you end up at a certain position. This new position is the total displacement from the original position. A vector that connects the starting position with the final position is called the resultant vector (x).. Example vector problem Andreas walked 5 meters east away from a tree. Then, he walked 3 meters north. Finally, he walked meter west. Each of these three pathways is a displacement vector. Use these displacement vectors to find Andreas s total displacement from the tree. Displacement vector Direction Magnitude (meters) Total magnitude (total meters walked) east 5 5 north = 8 3 west 8 + = 9 Andreas s motion can be represented on a graph. To determine his total displacement from the tree, do the following:. Add the east and west displacement vectors. These are in the x-axis direction on a graph. Andreas s walk = 5 m east + ( )m west = 4 m east. Add the north and south displacement vectors. These are in the y-axis direction on a graph. Andreas s walk = 3 m north Solution: Andreas walked a total of 9 meters. The total displacement is 4 meters east and 3 meters north. The resultant vector (x) goes from the starting position to the final position of total displacement.. Adding displacement vectors. What is the total displacement of a bee that flies meters east, 5 meters north, and 3 meters east?. What is the total displacement of an ant that walks meters west, 3 meters south, 4 meters east, and meter north? 3. A ball is kicked 0 meters north, 5 meters west, 5 meters south, 5 meters east, and 5 meters north. Find the total displacement and the total distance it traveled.

2 Skill Sheet 7.A Adding Displacement Vectors 3. Adding displacement vectors using x-y coordinates A resultant vector can be written using x-y coordinates on a graph. The original position is the origin of a graph where the axes represent east-west and northsouth positions. For example, (,3)m is a resultant vector with the following components: meters east and 3 meters north. A resultant vector, (-3,-)m, has components 3 meters west and meter south. Use this information to solve the following problems. Write your answers using x-y coordinates. The first one is done for you.. Add the following four vectors to find the resultant vector, x R : x = (5,0)m, x = (0, 5)m, x 3 = (3,0)m, x 4 = ( 7,0) m Add the east-west components: 5 m east + 0 m + 3 m east + ( 7) m west = m east Add the north-south components: 0 m + ( 5) m south + 0 m + 0 m = ( 5) m south x R = (, 5)m.. Add the following three vectors to find the resultant vector, x R : x = (,0)m, x = (0, 5,)m, x 3 = (3,0)m 3. Add the following vectors to find the resultant vector. Plot the resultant vector (x R ) on the grid to the left: x = (4,0)m, x = (,)m, x 3 = (0,)m 4. Add the following three vectors to find the resultant vector, x R. x = (5,3)m, x = ( 5,0)m, x 3 = (5,)m

3 Name: Skill Sheet 7.B Vector Components There are two ways to represent displacement vectors. One way uses x-y coordinates. In this skill sheet, you will practice representing vectors that use polar coordinates. Polar coordinates indicate the magnitude of the vector and its angle from the x-axis on a graph. For example, a displacement vector ( m, 0 ) is meters in magnitude and at a 0 angle from the x-axis on a graph. Using trigonometry, you can convert polar coordinates into x-y coordinates.. Two ways to write displacement vectors A displacement vector, x, of magnitude 0 meters that has a component in the x-direction equal to 7.07 meters and a component in the y-direction equal to 7.07 meters can be represented as x = (7.07,7.07)m. This same vector can be represented in polar coordinates as x = (0.0,45 )m. Why is this way of representing the vector like x = (7.07,7.07)m? If the displacement vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle, then: x-component: x = 0cos(45 )m = 0(0.707)m = 7.07 m y-component: y = 0sin(45 )m = 0(0.707)m = 7.07 m Note that the angle is measured counterclockwise from the x-axis.. Problems Answer the following problems and show your work. The first problem is done for you.. Find the x-y components of the displacement vector x = (7.0, 30 )m. x-component = (7.0 meters)cos 30 = 6. meters y-component = (7.0 meters)sin 30 = 3.5 meters x = (6., 3.5)m. What are the x-y coordinates for the displacement vector x = (0, 60 )m? Graph this displacement vector. 3. Find the x-y components of the velocity vector Z =(7, 90 )m/sec.

4 Skill Sheet 7.B Vector Components 4. What are the x-y components of the displacement vector x = (00, 360 )cm. 5. Graph the vector Z =( 7.07,7.07)m. 6. Graph the vector x =(, 4)cm. 7. Find the components of the velocity vector Z =(80, 80 )km/h. 8. Find the x-y components of the acceleration vector x = (5, 5 )m/sec. 9. Find the x-y components of the velocity vector Z =(80, 300 )km/h. 0. Find the x-y components of the force vector T = (80, 35 )N.. Challenge problem: A robot starts from a certain point and moves west for a distance of 5 meters; it then goes north for 5 meters, and then east for 0 meters. Assume that the positive x direction is east and the positive y direction is north. The negative x direction is west and the negative y direction is south. a. Find the x-y components of the final displacement vector for the robot. b. Express the final displacement vector in polar coordinates. Use the formula below to find the angle of the resultant vector. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find r, the length of the resultant vector. y - = sinθ r

5 Name: Skill Sheet 7.C Pythagorean Theorem When you know the x- and y- components of a vector, you can find its magnitude using the Pythagorean theorem. This useful theorem states that a + b = c, where a, b, and c are the lengths of the sides of any right triangle. For example, suppose you need to know the distance represented by the displacement vector (4,3)m. If you walked east 4 meters then north 3 meters, you would walk a total of 7 meters. This is a distance, but it is not the distance specified by the vector, or the shortest way to go. The vector (4,3)m describes a single straight line. The length of the line is 5 meters because = 5. The Pythagorean theorem can be used to help us calculate the magnitude of a vector once we know its components along the x- and y- directions. Also, we can find one of the components of the vector if we know the other component and the magnitude of the vector.. Example problem A displacement vector x = (,3)m has these components: meters in the x direction. 3 meters in the y direction. What is the magnitude of the vector? Using the Pythagorean theorem, a is the component along the x direction and b is the component along the y direction. The magnitude of the vector is c. We can find the magnitude by taking the square root of a + b :. Solving problems. Find the magnitude of the vector u = (3, 4). a + b = c ( m) + ( 3 m) = c 4 m + 9 m = c 3 m = 3.6 m = c. Find the magnitude of the vector Z = ( 3, 4).

6 Skill Sheet 7.C Pythagorean Theorem 3. Find the magnitude of the vector Z = (5, 0). 4. Find the magnitude of the vector x = (.00, 6.00)cm. 5. A robot starts from a certain point and moves east for a distance of 5.0 meters, then goes north for 3.0 meters, and then turns west for.0 meters. a. What are the x-y coordinates for the resultant vector? b. What is the magnitude of the resultant vector for the robot? 6. Add the vectors Z = (5,0), Z = (0, 3), and Z 3 = (,0), and find the magnitude of the resultant vector. 7. Add the vectors Z = ( 5,0), Z = (0, ), and Z 3 = (7,0), and find the magnitude of the resultant vector. 8. A resultant vector has a magnitude of 5 meters. Its y component is meters. What is its x component? 3. Challenge problems. Express the resultant vector in problem 5, Part in polar coordinates. Assume that the positive x direction is from west to east and the positive y direction is from south to north.. Add the vectors Z = (5,0), Z = (0, 5), and Z 3 = (5,80 ), and find the magnitude of the resultant vector. 3. Add the vectors Z = (5,45 ), Z = (0, 0), and Z 3 = (,80 ), and find the magnitude of the resultant vector.

7 Name: Skill Sheet 7. Projectile Motion This is a review of projectile motion. The problems in the skill sheet will give you practice in solving problems that involve projectile motion.. Projectile motion has vertical and horizontal components Projectile motion has vertical and horizontal components. Gravity affects the vertical motion of an object. When we drop a ball from a height, we know that its speed increases as it falls. The increase in vertical speed is due to the acceleration gravity, g = 9.8 m/sec. So the vertical speed of the ball will increase by 9.8 m/sec after each second. After the first second has passed, the speed will be 9.8 m/sec. After the next second has passed, the speed will be 9.6 m/sec and so on. The acceleration of gravity affects only the vertical component of the motion. Horizontal motion is not affected by gravity. So if we neglect the friction from air, when we throw an object horizontally, its initial horizontal speed will not change. For example, if we throw a marble horizontally at a speed of 5 m/sec, the marble will be 5 meters horizontally from our hand after one second, 0 meters after seconds, and so forth.. Solving projectile motion problems Solving projectile motion problems requires using equations. To solve these problems, follow the steps: Read the problem carefully. You may want to diagram the problem to help you understand it. List what you know from the problem and what you need to solve for. Determine which equations for vertical motion or horizontal motion will help you solve the problem. You may need more than one equation to solve the problem. Some important equations are listed below. Solve the problem and check your work. Pythagorean theorem Horizontal motion Vertical motion a + b = c v ox = v 0 cosθ v oy = v 0 sinθ Use this equation to find the magnitude of a velocity vector, (a, b). Use this equation to calculate initial horizontal velocity when you know an angle and magnitude of the initial velocity vector. Use this equation to calculate initial vertical velocity when you know an angle and magnitude of the initial velocity vector. Horizontal distance x = v ox t This equation is a rearranged version of the speed equation: v = d/t. Here, x represents d, distance. Vertical velocity Vertical distance The time to reach maximum height v y = v oy gt y = v oy t --gt v t = oy g Gravity (g) is included in these equations because vertical speed accelerates due to gravity when an object is falling. This equation is a rearranged version of acceleration = speed/time.

8 Skill Sheet 7. Projectile Motion 3. Sample projectile motion problem A ball is kicked with an initial total velocity (v 0 ) of 0 m/sec at an angle of 60 degrees off the ground. The time that it takes for the ball to reach the ground again is twice the time it takes for the ball to reach its maximum height. Using this information, estimate how far the ball will go horizontally and the maximum height it will reach. The horizontal (or x) component of the ball's velocity is: v ox = v 0 cos(60 ) = 0 m/sec 0.5 = 5 m/sec The vertical (or y) component of the ball s velocity is: v oy = v 0 sin( 60 ) = 0 m/sec 0.87 = 8.7 m/sec The time it takes for the ball to reach its maximum height (t) is written below. The initial vertical velocity is v oy and g is the acceleration due to gravity. t = v oy g The total time it takes for the ball to travel horizontally is twice this long: v oy t m/sec = g = m/sec/sec =.8 sec With this information, we are now able to answer the questions: What is the horizontal range of the ball? What is the maximum height reached by the ball? The horizontal range equals the speed times the time in the horizontal direction: x = v ox t = 5 m/sec.8 sec = 9 m The maximum height or vertical distance (y) can be calculated using the formula below. y = [ v oy t] -- gt In this problem, the ball reaches its maximum height in half the time that the ball travels before reaching the ground. This time has been calculated to be.8 seconds. Therefore, / times.8 seconds is used in the equation below for vertical distance. y = v oy -- ( time to travel horizontally) -- g -- ( time to travel horizontally).8 y 8.7 m/sec = sec m/sec sec = 3.8 m

9 Skill Sheet 7. Projectile Motion 4. Solving problems Solve the following problems. Show your work.. A cat runs and jumps from one roof top to another which is 5 meters away and 3 meters below. Calculate the minimum horizontal speed with which the cat must jump off the first roof in order to make it to the other. a. What do you know? b. What do you need to solve for? c. What equation (s) will you use? d. What is the solution to this problem?. An object is thrown off a cliff with a horizontal speed of 0 m/sec and some unknown initial vertical velocity. After 3 seconds the object hits the ground which is 30 meters below the cliff. Find the initial vertical velocity and the total horizontal distance traveled by the object. a. What do you know? b. What do you need to solve for? c. What equation (s) will you use? d. What is the solution to this problem? 3. If a marble is released from a height of 0 meters how long would it take for it to hit the ground? 4. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 5 m/sec. How long before the ball hits the ground? (HINT: Consider that there will be time for the ball to go up and then fall back down.) 5. A ski jumper competing for an Olympic gold medal wants to jump a horizontal distance of 35 meters. The takeoff point of the ski jump is at a height of 5 meters. With what horizontal speed must he leave the jump? 6. An object is launched at an angle of 45 degrees with a speed of 0 m/sec. Calculate the initial velocity components, the time it takes to hit the ground, the range, and the maximum height it reaches. 3

10 Name: Skill Sheet 7.3A Equilibrium in -D Here you will solve problems that require you to determine the unknown forced needed for an object to be in equilibrium.. Forces and equilibrium Forces are represented by vectors. They have magnitude (the strength of the force) and direction. When forces are applied to an object, it will move unless all forces acting on the object add up to zero. In this case the object is in equilibrium.. Equilibrium problems Do the following equilibrium problems. The first one is done for you.. A force T = (0, 30 )N is applied on an object. Find the x and y components of the force required for the object to be in equilibrium. x component = 0cos( ) = 0cos30 N = 8.66 N y component: = 0sin( ) = 0sin30 N = 5.0 N. Find the force required to counteract the force T = ( 5,0) kn. 3. A box weighing 0 kilograms is pulled along the floor with a force of 00 N. The coefficient of friction µ between the floor and the box is 0.5. Calculate the force required for the box to be in equilibrium. 4. The force T = (00, 45 )N is applied to an object. Find the x and y components of the force required for equilibrium. 5. Find the x and y components of a force needed to counteract the forces T = (00,35 )N, T = (00,5 )N, T 3 = (60,50 )N.

11 Name: Skill Sheet 7.3B Inclined Planes When an object is placed on an inclined plane, the weight force has a component parallel to the plane and a component perpendicular to the plane. The parallel component is pulling the object down the plane. Another force acting on the interface between the object and the place surface is due to friction. The friction force is acting parallel to the plane and opposite to the direction of motion. In this skill sheet, you will solve problems that involve objects moving on inclined planes.. Solving inclined plane problems The angle of an inclined plane, θ, is measured from the horizontal. The horizontal component of the force is mgsinθ where m equals the mass of an object and g equals the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/sec/sec). The vertical component of the force is mgcosθ. The acceleration of an object on the plane is equal to gsinθ. The friction force (F friction ) equals mgcosθ multiplied by the coefficient of friction (µ). F friction = µmgcosθ

12 Skill Sheet 7.3B Inclined Planes. Example problems. Calculate the components of weight of a 0-kilogram box on an inclined plane making an angle 30 degrees with the horizontal.. What is the acceleration of the box in problem along the plane? 3. A mass of 30 kilograms is placed on an inclined plane making an angle of 5 degrees with the horizontal. Find the force parallel and perpendicular to the plane and the acceleration along the plane. 4. A box weighing 0 kilograms is placed on an inclined plane whose coefficient of friction is Calculate the maximum inclination angle before the box begins to move down the plane. 5. What is the horizontal component of the force acting on the box in problem 4 at the maximum angle? 6. What is the vertical component of the force acting on the box in problem 4 at the maximum angle? 7. What is the total force along the plane acting on the box in problem 4 at the maximum angle? 8. When the angle of the plane of problem 4 is increased to 45 degrees, what is the acceleration parallel to the plane? Use the equation below to help you solve this problem: acceleration = g( sin θ µ cosθ)

13 Name: Skill Sheet 8. Circular Motion You used degrees when you first learned how to measure angles. However, the degree is not the most convenient unit for using angles to calculate angular speed. For the purpose of angular speed, the radian is a better unit of angle. One radian equals 57.3 degrees (approximately). Radians are better for angular speed because a radian is a ratio of two lengths, and it does not have any units in the sense that meters or seconds are units. This skill sheet provides you with practice in using degrees, radians, and in calculating angular speed.. Working with degrees, radians, and angular speed A full circle has 360 degrees, or π radians (π = 3.4). Convert degrees to radians by multiplying by π/80. Example: How many radians is 45? π = 0.79 radians 80 Convert radians to degrees by multiplying by 80 /π. Example: How many degrees are represented by 3.5 radians? radians = 00 π Angular speed (ω) is given in radians/second. The formula for angular speed is shown in the graphic at right. Linear speed is found by multiplying angular speed by the radius of the object being considered. The formula for linear speed is: v = ωr.. Example problems. Convert to radians: a. 0 degrees b. 0 degrees c. 30 degrees

14 Skill Sheet 8. Circular Motion d. 45 degrees e. 90 degrees f. 80 degrees g. 70 degrees h. 360 degrees. Convert to degrees:.047 radians 3. A wheel is spinning with an angular speed of 5 radians/sec. What is the angular speed in revolutions per minute? 4. A bicycle with a front wheel that is 50 centimeters in diameter and a back wheel that is 74 cm in diameter is moving along with a linear speed of 6 km/hour. Find the angular speed of the wheels in radians/sec and in rpm (revolutions per minute). 5. A wheel that has a radius of meter makes four turns in 3 seconds. Find the angular speed and the linear speed of this wheel. 6. A bicycle wheel with a radius of 0.5 meters is rolling with an angular speed of.75 rad/sec.what is the linear speed of the wheel? 7. A wheel with a radius of 0.5 meters is rolling with an angular speed of 0.75 rad/sec. How far will the wheel go in one minute? 8. A ball with a radius of centimeter starts rolling down a ramp. The acceleration of the ball is meters/sec. a. What is the angular speed of the ball after second? After 3 seconds? b. Convert each answer in 8(a) to revolutions per second.

15 Name: Skill Sheet 8.3 Universal Gravitation The law of universal gravitation allows you to calculate the gravitational force between two objects from their masses and the distance between them. The law includes a value called the gravitational constant, or G. This value is the same everywhere in the universe. Calculating the force between small objects like apples or huge objects like planets, moons, and stars is possible using this law as you will see as you solve the problems in this skill sheet.. What is the law of universal gravitation? The force between two masses m and m that are separated by a distance r is given by: So, when the masses m and m are given in kilograms and the distance r is given in meters, the force has the unit of newtons. Remember that the distance r corresponds to the distance between the center of gravity of the two objects. For example, the gravitational force between two spheres that are touching each other, each with a radius of 0.3 meter that are touching each other and a mass of,000 kilograms, is given by: F = N-m kg, kg,000 kg ( 0.3 m m) = N This corresponds to a weight of a mass equal to 8.9 milligrams.. Example problems Answer the following problems. Write your answers using scientific notation.. Calculate the force between two objects that have masses of 70 kilograms and,000 kilograms separated by a distance of meter.. A man on the moon with a mass of 90 kilograms weighs 46 newtons. The radius of the moon is meters. Find the mass of the moon.

16 Skill Sheet 8.3 Universal Gravitation 3. For m = kilograms and r = meters, what is the value given by this equation: G---- m? a. Write the answer in the blank below. Simplify the units of the answer. r b. What does this number remind you of? c. What real-life values do m and r correspond to? 4. The distance between Earth and its moon is meters. Earth s mass is m = kg and the mass of the moon is kg. What is the force between Earth and the moon? 5. A satellite is orbiting Earth at a distance of 35 kilometers. The satellite has a mass of 500 kilograms. What is the force between the planet and the satellite? 6. The mass of the sun is kilograms and its distance from Earth is 50 million kilometers ( meters). What is the gravitational force between the sun and Earth?

17 Name: Skill Sheet 9. Torque In this skill sheet, you will practice solving problems that involve torque. Torque is an action that is created by an applied force and causes an object to rotate. Any object that rotates has a torque associated with it.. What is torque? Torque, τ, can be calculated by multiplying the applied force, F, by r. The value, r, is the perpendicular distance between the point of rotation and the line of action of the force (the line along which the force is applied. τ = F r The unit of torque is newton-meter (N-m). For many situations the distance r is also called the lever arm.. Example torque problem When you use a wrench to release a rusted bolt, you apply a torque around the axis of the bolt. You might have noticed that the longer the wrench, the easier it is to perform the task. The length of the wrench is related to the lever arm. However if you just pull at the end of the wrench you know that there is no way to release the rusted bolt. The reason is that by pulling you have made the lever arm equal to zero. Zero lever arm, zero torque and the bolt will keep on rusting. Since the force has magnitude and direction so does the torque. We talk about torque in the counterclockwise (CCW) direction, which we call positive and torque in the clockwise (CW) direction which we call negative. Let s do some numbers. If you have a wrench of length r = 30 centimeters and you apply a force of,000 N at the end and perpendicular (90 ) to the wrench. Because the force is applied downward so the wrench rotates clockwise around the bolt, the force is negative (-,000 N). The resulting torque is: τ =F r = -,000 N 0.3 m = -300 N-m If you now apply the same force at an angle of 45 degrees from vertical the resulting torque is: τ =F cos45 r = -,000 N cos m = - N-m Although you applied the same force, you get less torque at 45. If you wanted to create a torque of -300 N-m while applying the force at a 45 degree angle, you would need to apply -,44 N of force! F = N-m =,44 N cos m A see-saw works based on the ideas of torque. As you know, the lighter person (or a cat!) has to sit further out for the saw to be level. You know now that this is so because the only way to make the torque of the heavy person equal to the torque of the light person is to increase the lever arm of the light person.

18 Skill Sheet 9. Torque 3. Solving problems Solve the following problems. Show your work. The first problem is done for you as an example.. For an object to be in rotational equilibrium about a certain point, the total torque about this point must be zero. For the example shown in the figure calculate the magnitude and direction of a force that must be applied at point B for rotational equilibrium about point P. Solution: First note that the 35 N force does not create any torque about point P because this force passes through that point (lever arm = 0). Let, the force at point B equal F B. For rotational equilibrium, the following must be true: Torque on to the left of P = Torque to the right of P F B 0.5 m = (50 N 0. m) (75 N 0.4 m) F B = N-m = 00 N 0.5 m For rotational equilibrium, 00 N must be applied downward at point B.. A 0-kilogram mass is suspended from the end of a beam that is. meters long. The beam is attached to a wall. Find the magnitude and direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) of the resulting torque at point B. 3. Two masses m and m are suspended on an ornament. The ornament is hung from the ceiling at a point which is 0 centimeters from mass m and 30 centimeters from mass m. a. If m = 6 kg, what does m have to be for the ornament to be in rotational equilibrium? m b. Calculate the ratio of so that the ornament will be horizontal. m c. Suppose m = 0 kg and m = kg. You wish to place a third mass, m 3 = 5 kg, on the ornament to make it balance. Should m 3 be placed to the right or to the left of the ornament s suspension point? Explain your answer. d. Calculate the exact location where m 3 should be placed.

19 Skill Sheet 9. Torque 4. Forces are applied on the beam as shown on the figure at right. a. Find the torque about point P produced by each of the three forces. b. Find the net torque about point P. c. A fourth force is applied to the beam at a distance of 0.30 m to the right of point P. What must the magnitude and direction of this force be to make the beam in rotational equilibrium? 5. A flag pole.5 meters long is attached to a wall at a 40 angle from vertical. A 50-kilogram mass is suspended at the end. Calculate the resulting torque at the point of attachment to the wall. 6. Three 0-newton forces act on a beam as shown to the right. a. Calculate the torque produced by force about point P. b. Calculate the torque produced by force about point P. c. Calculate the torque produced by force 3 about point P. d. Calculate the net torque about point P. 3

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