U.S. History First Semester Final Exam Review

Transcription

1 Name: Date: Class Period: U.S. History First Semester Final Exam Review 1. What were the Navigation Acts? A series of laws passed by the English Parliament to protect trade with the colonies. These acts required the colonies to sell certain items only to England or other English colonies and had to be carried out on ships built in England or English colonies. 2. Define Mercantilism an economic policy based on a state monopoly over trade and an attempt to transfer wealth from colonies to the parent country. 3. What was the Northwest Passage and was it ever found? A water route through or around North America 4. Where was the first English colony in America, why was it important and what happened to it? Roanoke; English learned valuable lessons from it; they disappeared without a trace 5. Identify the following: a. Great Migration: Emigration of Puritans from England to North America in the 1630 s b. Mayflower Compact: Agreement signed by men aboard the Mayflower which stated they would obey laws agreed upon for the good of the colony 6. Why was the House of Burgesses important? It was the first representative government in North America 7. How were English Settlements financed? Joint stock companies 8. What hardships did the Jamestown settlers face; who helped the colony survive? What did he do? Starvation, laziness, disease; John Smith-made colonists work. He said, He who doth not work, doth not eat. 9. What year was Jamestown founded? How did the Indians help the early colonists survive? They taught the colonists survival skills, such as, how to fish, plant, and hunt in the new world. 11. Why did the Pilgrims come to America? Religious Freedom 12. What colony became the first to be truly tolerant of other religions and who started it? Rhode Island; Roger Williams 13. Seventy-five percent of Virginia s settlers came as indentured servants. What is an indentured servant? Person who sold their labor in exchange for passage to the colonies, after laboring in the colony for an agreed-upon time, they were freed. 14. Why did the South base its economy on agriculture and who did they owe their prosperity to? Climate and soil were ideal for farming, the number of slaves who worked on the plantations

2 15. Identify the following words: a. Raw Materials: Unfinished products used to make other goods b. Triangular Trade: Trade routes that connected the colonies with other English trading ports c. Cash Crop: Crops grown to be sold for profit d. Plantation: Large farm 16. Identify the following: a. Magna Carta: First document in England that limited the power of the King b. English Bill of Rights: Documents approved in 1689 which promised certain rights to English citizens and limited royal power in England c. John Peter Zenger: Newspaper printer who won a landmark case for free, but responsible press d. Apprentice: Young people who learned a trade from a master tradesman 17. Why did James Oglethorpe set up Georgia? Georgia was set up as a place where debtors could start a new life and the English government wanted it as a military outpost fan buffer against Spanish Florida 18. Why did William Penn set up Pennsylvania? Pennsylvania was set up as a refuge for Quakers being prosecuted in England 2

3 19. Make sure you are able to locate, identify and name the 13 Colonies, the Appalachian Mountains, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi River on a map of the United States. Use the map provided to label the above information. Great MA NH N RI P Appalachian M CT NJ V Mississippi River DE N S G 20. Which industries were important in New England? Fishing, whaling, and trading 21. The Middle Colonies were known as the Bread basket colonies, why? They produced large amounts of grain 22. (a) Name the Southern colonies (b) Name the three most important cash crops in the Southern colonies. (a) Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia (b) Tobacco, indigo, and rice 23. Why were the English colonies founded? (1) a place to send petty criminals (2) It would allow England to build overseas (3) It would provide a market for English exports and a source of raw materials (4) It would plant the Protestant faith in the Americas; stopping the Spanish influence (Catholicism) 24. What happened in the South when the number of indentured servants dropped? The plantation owners turned to African slaves to fill their labor force 3

4 25. Why were there more slaves in the South than in the North? The south had a need for unskilled workers to work on the plantations. The cash crops in the South needed heavy, year-round labor 26. Why was slavery not used in the North? Was slavery illegal in any region? In the North, there was little farming and there was not a need for unskilled laborers. Some regions drew up protest as early as 1688, but it was not illegal in any region. 27. Name two important trading centers in the Middle colonies. New York and Philadelphia 28. In what group of colonies did slavery grow the fastest and what rights did the slaves have? Southern; none 29. What western boundary did all the colonies have in common? Appalachian Mountains 30. What was the Great Awakening? A religious movement that swept through the colonies during the 1730 s, its drama and emotions touched women and men of all backgrounds and classes causing the growth of so many new churches and the toleration of people with different beliefs. It also helped spread the democratic feelings in the colonies. 31. Why did the French plan settlements along the St. Lawrence and Ohio Rivers? To hold the area against the English and to make sure they had a claim on the land 32. Who claimed the Mississippi River Valley for France? La Salle 33. What was the main goal of French colonization? What caused the French and Indian War? Trade; disputes over the Ohio River Valley 34. Identify the following people and tell their significance in the American Revolution. a. Thomas Jefferson: Main author of the Declaration of Independence b. Thomas Gage: British General who led the British troops to Lexington and Concord c. Dr. Joseph Warren: Head spy for the Sons of Liberty and warned Paul Revere the British were going to Lexington and Concord d. William Dawes, Samuel Prescott, and Paul Revere: Patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn the colonists the British were headed to Lexington e. Benedict Arnold: Best known American traitor. Was going to give West Point to the British f. Patrick Henry: Patriot who called for war by saying Give me Liberty of give me death. **Information in red should be written on the back of the review/study guide 4

5 35. Who wrote the Common Sense, and The Crisis; what is significant about them? Thomas Paine; Common sense-encouraged people to support independence; The Crisis- rekindled the Patriot spirit during the Revolutionary war and inspired troops to be strong in the face of defeat and stay enlisted. 36. Where was the shot heard around the world fired and why was it important? Lexington; it was the start of the American Revolution. 37. Identify the following: a. Treaty of Paris (1763): Ended the French and Indian War; Britain got land east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans from France. b. Treaty of Paris (1783): Ended the American Revolution; Americans gained their independence c. Son and Daughters of Liberty: Met to discuss ways to protest British policies and protect colonial liberties d. boycott: Refuse to buy a certain product. Prior to the American Revolution this hurt British trade e. repeal: to withdraw f. Patriot: Opposed British policy; wanted to break away from Britain g. Loyalist: Remained loyal (committed) to Britain h. Second Continental Congress: Assembly of Colonial delegates organized in 1775, adopted the Declaration of Independence i. The French and Indian War: The conflict between France and Great Britain in North America from over disputes about the Ohio River Valley j. The Boston Tea Party: Colonists threw tea into Boston Harbor to protest the monopoly on tea k. Olive Branch Petition: Sent by the Second Continental Congress to ask King George III for peace l. Minutemen: Part of the colonial Militia and could be ready to fight in a moments notice m. Valley Forge: Patriots spent a hard, cold winter here but proved they could endure terrible hardships and remain loyal n. Battle of Saratoga: The French joined the Revolutionary war on the Americans side after this battle o. Battle of Yorktown: Last Battle of the American Revolution p. Declaration of Independence: Document adopted on July 4, 1776 established the United States as a nation independent from Great Britain 5

6 q. Revolutionary War: War between Great Britain and the American colonies where the colonies are fighting to become their own country 38. What are the unalienable rights? Who did the Declaration of Independence feel had these rights? Rights that cannot be taken away, such as, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; White, wealthy men, landowners 39. Why was Lexington important? What did it prove? It was the first battle of the American Revolution. It proved that Americans strongly believed in their right to govern themselves. 40. After the French and Indian War, what did the British government try to do to the colonists? Raise money through taxing colonists without their representation in parliament 41. Identify the following rules and acts placed on the Colonists after the French and Indian War: a. Proclamation line of 1763: Forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains b. Sugar act: Raised the prices of imported foods on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies from non-british Caribbean sources and seized cargoes violating the new rules. c. Stamp Act: British decree taxing all legal papers in the colonies, colonists protested with a boycott because they were not represented in Parliament and it was repealed d. Declaratory Act: Parliament had full power to pass laws governing the colonies in all cases whatsoever. e. Tea Act: Act that made a monopoly on Tea for the British East India Company f. Intolerable Act: Passed because the Boston Tea Party g. Quartering Act: Required colonists to house and supply British soldiers 42. Where did George Washington and his troops spend the winter of and why was it difficult for him to maintain his army? Valley Forge; short enlistments, frostbite, few supplies, and diseases 43. What were some advantages that Washington s Army had over the British? The American Army new the geography of the colonies, but the British did not. Americans had food military leaders. They were passionate about winning. 44. What European countries helped America during the Revolutionary War? Spain and France 45. When does a government lose its rights to govern? When it takes away the Rights that belong to the people 46. What did Abigail Adams encourage the Founding Fathers to do? Remember the ladies when creating the Constitution 6

7 47. Identify the following terms associated with the development of a new government: a. Northwest Ordinance: Set up the plan of government for the Northwest Territory; greatest triumph of the Confederation Congress b. Democracy: A system of government by the people c. Inflation: the value of money drops and the prices of goods rise. 48. What were the Articles of Confederation? What were some of the features of the Articles? The first plan of government in the United States; States held the power; There was no chief executive; the federal government did not have the power to tax or settle disputes between us. 49. What do we call a government in which the people choose representatives to govern them? Republic 50. Where was the Northwest Territory? How was it divided? Land north of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes and West of the Mississippi River; into townships 51. Give a brief description of the following events: a. Shay s Rebellion: Uprising of Western Massachusetts farmers to protest the sale of farms for nonpayment of debts b. Constitutional Convention: Meeting of stat delegates in Philadelphia in 1787 which resulted in the writing of the Constitution 52. How did Patrick Henry feel about the Constitutional Convention? He opposed the Constitutional convention because he feared that a strong central government would swallow state s rights. He said that he smelled a rat. 53. Identify the following terms associated with the Constitutional Convention: a. Electoral College: a group of delegates from each state who were to choose the President of the United States b. Great Compromise: Plan that called for representation based on population in the House of Representatives and for equal representation in the Senate. c. The Three-Fifths Compromise: Solved the problem of how to count slaves for population (every five slaves would count as three) d. Compromise: The resolution of a disagreement by granting each side some of its demands e. Virginia Plan: Plan to establish a new type of government with three branches (legislative, judicial, and executive) 54. Who became leader of the Federalist Party and reported the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? Alexander Hamilton 55. Who was Benjamin Franklin? What did he do for the Constitutional Convention? 7

8 Oldest delegate to the Constitutional Convention; He brought experience, wisdom, and humor 56. Our unalienable rights are protected on what document? The Declaration of Independence 57. What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called? The Bill of Rights 58. Why were the colonies settled? a. Pennsylvania: Founded by William Penn as a refuge for Quakers b. Maryland: Founded by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for Catholics c. Rhode Island: Founded by Roger Williams as a truly religiously tolerant colony d. Georgia: Founded by James Oglethorpe as a colony for debtors who had been in jail in England for minor crimes 59. Why were town meetings significant and what was their purpose? The purpose of town meetings was to allow settlers to discuss and vote on issues that affected the colony. They were significant because they encouraged the growth of democratic ideals in the colonies. 60. How did the British take Quebec during the French and Indian War? Quebec sat on the edge of the Plains of Abraham, a step cliff overlooking the St. Lawrence River. Wolfe ordered British troops to climb the steep cliff and assemble (gather) at the top during the night of September 17, The next morning, the British troops surprised the French troops. Fighting broke out but the French did not have enough troops to defend the fort and the British won Quebec. 61. After the Preamble, what are the three main parts of the Declaration of Independence? 1. The idea of Natural Rights- Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness 2. British wrongs- a lid of wrongs that led to Americans to break away fro Britain 3. Independence- announces that the colonies are the United States of America, a free and independent nation 62. Define the words below: a. Writs of Assistance: legal document allowing British customs to search ship s without reason b. Militia: group of citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency c. Petition: a formal written request to someone in authority, signed by a group of people d. Propaganda: information put out by an organization or government to promote a policy, idea, or cause e. Townshend Act: laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods, such as, glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea 8