Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile!
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1 Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile!
2 Nile River: Flows North!! Cataract: a waterfall; provided natural bottlenecks/barriers to travel on the river! Delta: outwash of a river where it collides w/ large body of water, slows, and deposits silt! Shaduf: age old technology; bucket attached to lever for lifting water from the river to fields during growing season!
3 Early Kingdoms of the Valley! Upper Egypt: land to the south, higher elevation, lotus flower, high domed crown (bowling pin)! Lower Egypt: land to the north, lower elevation, papyrus, low slung crown w/ curl!
4 Menes (Narmer?) - 1st Pharaoh?! ~3100 B.C.E. united upper & lower Egypt! Founded 1st Memphis (Cairo)! Egyptian rulers were thought of as kings - only later pharaoh! Divine & human!
5 Old Kingdom (~ B.C.E.)! Age of pyramids: all of the Great Pyramids were Giza! Steppe pyramid of Djoser! Capital Memphis (lower), Nehkhen (upper)!
6 Middle Kingdom ( B.C.E.)! Weakest era/age marked by drought, corruption, raids by external groups!
7 New Kingdom ( B.C.E.)! Greatest period of wealth/prosperity! Seti, Ramses II, etc.! Valley of the Kings est.! Capital Thebes; Karnak & Luxor complexes developed!
8 Egyptian government?! Dynasty: hereditary title/ power passed from 1 ruling family to another through arrangements! Pharaoh: literally means The Great House, recognized as divinely supported rulers on earth, chosen by Amon-Re!!
9 Vizier: Chief ministers/bureaucrats! Ptah-hotep: vizier famous for instructional text authored 2450 B.C.E. - Instructions of the Vizier Ptah-hotep! Imhotep II: Father of medicine, engineer, and vizier to the Pharaoh Djoser; credited with designing the steppe Saqqara!
10 West (Land of the Dead)! Necropolis: City of the Dead, west bank of the Nile, all jobs related to death! Pyramids: elaborate resting places of rulers & family members of the Old Kingdom! Tombs: elaborately hidden resting places for New Kingdom pharaohs!
11 Kemet: ancient name for the region along the Nile ; literally means the Black Land b/c of the rich soil deposited each yr! Nubia: ancient people of region between 1 st & 2 nd cataract; land of the bow expertise! Kush (1070 B.C.E.- A.C.E. 350) kingdom that controlled Egypt in the 8 th ce B.C.E.! Nubia (Kush)!
12 Hyksos (~ B.C.E.)! Chariot riding invaders who successfully raided, occupied, and controlled the delta! Very little conflict once they gained control! Adopted much of the Egyptian culture!
13 Hatshepsut & Thutmose III! Hatshepsut ( ): 1st female ruler and encouraged trade (large trip to Punt)!! Hatshepsut s stepson, great general, expanded Egypt s borders to their greatest extent!
14 66 yr reign!! Pushed Egyptian control to Syria in the north! Fought many battles vs. Hittites! Signed 1st peace treaty in history w/ Hittites! Carved his image into 1,000s of statues - over earlier pharaohs!! Ramses II ( B.C.E.)!
15 Egyptian Polytheism! Amon-Re: Sun god, great lord of the gods! Mut: Amon Re s wife, goddess of! Osiris: former ruler turned god after he was murdered by his brother (Set), dismembered, rejoined, & resurrected - God of the Dead or Underworld & Nile! Isis: wife of Osiris, responsible for putting him back together - goddess of Motherhood & Magic!
16 Egyptian Polytheism! Horus: falcon headed son of Osiris, vengeful, sky god! Anubis: jackel headed god of embalming, assists Osiris in the Underworld! Thoth: ibis headed god of records, mathematics, etc.! Ma at: wife of Thoth, goddess of Truth & Justice, ostrich feather crown = soul!
17 Khnum: god off fertility & soil, uses potter s wheel to create life!! Khonsu: god of youth and the moon, marks time along w/ Thoth!! Ammut: the devourer; Eater of the Dead, croc/lion/ hippo shaped dog which waits to consume souls judged to be undeserving of the Field of Food (heaven)! Egyptian Polytheism!
18 Akhenaton: he who serves Aton! Amenhotep IV: young pharaoh (1380 B.C.E.) devoted his life to worshiping Aton! He was unsuccessful in swaying the publics allegience!
19 Mummification!! Book of the Dead: manual for surviving one s kourney in the afterlife! Mummification: preservation of bodies through the use of embalming techniques! Canopic jars: 4 in number to hold lungs, stomach, liver, and intestines (no heart)!
20 Egyptian language & writing! Hieroglyphics: pictographic form of writing where images build words! Hieratic (demotic): simplified version of hieroglyphics for everyday use! Papyrus: riverside plant used to make paper, boats, baskets, sandals, etc!
21 Rosetta Stone (not the software!)! Artifact discovered in 1799 by Jean Francois Champollion, French archeologist, it was a black basalt slab w/ Greek, hieratic, and hieroglyphic it s 3 versions of the same thank you letter!
22 Egyptian Art! Statues, wall paintings, and reliefs on temple walls all provided surfaces on which Egyptian artists depicted scenes of daily life, battle scenes, or important ceremonies!
23 Egyptian Literature! Hymns, prayers, proverbs, & poems! Tale of Sinuhe: tells of the wanderings of an exiled official in Syria!
24 Egyptian Medicine! Egyptians were adventurous pioneers in medicine documenting attempted procedures and a variety of plant extracts which are still prescribed today!
25 Egyptian Mathematics & Astronomy! Mapped constellations! Developed 12 month, 30 day calendar w/ 5 extra days added each yr as the forerunner of our modern calendar! Geometry to help w/ pyramid design!
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