C-H bonds in methane. Name calling. Name calling. Name calling H H H H H H H. methane. ethane. propane

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1 - bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (26). (b) molecular structure of ethane YBRIDIZATION? methane ethane propane 1

2 butane pentane hexane heptane octane methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane 2

3 3 Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane YBRIDIZATION? Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane

4 3 3 Reactions of Alkanes Learning heck Alk3 ombustion omplete and balance the reaction for the complete combustion of 7 16 alkane + O 2 O O + heat Solution Alk3 ombustion In the ell Step O 2 Step O 2 Step O 2 O O 7 O O 7 O O Metabolic oxidation is combustion 6 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6O O + heat glucose ow does this reaction occur in living organisms? 4

5 Aerobic Oxidation Occurs in a Mitochondrion Located within a ell Branched Alkanes Structural Formulas Structural Isomers Alkyl Groups Branches on carbon chains methane ethane Alkyl Groups Branches on carbon chains 3 Branched Alkanes 3 methyl 3 2 ethyl methyl groups

6 Naming Branched Alkanes Naming Branched Alkanes 3 methyl branch 3 methyl branch ount ount 3-Methylhexane on third 3 six carbon chain group Naming Summary Learning heck Alk4 A ount the s in the longest chain 2. Name each attached group 3 ount the longest carbon chain to give the first attached group the smallest number 4. Name and locate each group B Solution Alk4 Learning heck Alk5 A ,4-dimethylpentane Write a condensed structure for A. 3,4-dimethylheptane B B. 2,2-dimethyloctane 3 3,3,5-trimethylheptane 6

7 Solution Alk5 A. 3,4-dimethylheptane Isomers Same molecular formula Same number and types of atoms Different arrangement of atoms 3 B. 2,2-dimethyloctane Butane structures Learning heck Alk6 Write 3 isomers of 5 12 and name each. n-butane methylpropane Solution Alk pentane or n-pentane yclic Alkanes methylbutane yclopropane structure 3 3 2,2-dimethylpropane 3 7

8 yclohexane structure Figure 22.11: The structure of benzene Number of side groups One Naming ycloalkanes with Side Groups Naming Side group name goes in front of the cycloalkane name. ycloalkanes with Side Groups 3 methylcyclopentane 3 3 1,2-dimethylcyclopentane Two Number the ring in the direction that gives the lowest numbers to the side groups ,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane 3 Learning heck Alk8 Name the following cyclic alkanes 3 Solution Alk8 3 1,2-dimethylcyclobutane methylcyclopentane 3 3 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane 3 3 8

9 Saturated and Unsaturated ompounds Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom Unsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes Unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds Alkenes arbon-carbon double bonds Names end in -ene 2 = 2 2 =- 3 ethene (ethylene) propene (propylene) cyclohexene Alkynes Naming Alkenes and Alkynes arbon-carbon triple bonds Names end in -yne - 3 ethyne(acetylene) propyne When the carbon chain has 4 or more atoms, number the chain to give the lowest number to the double or triple bond = butene 3 = 3 2-butene butyne Learning heck A3 Solutions A3 Write the IUPA name for each of the following unsaturated compounds: A B. 3 = 3. 3 Write the IUPA name for each of the following unsaturated compounds: A. 3 2 = 3 2-pentyne 3 3 B. 3 = 3. 2-methyl-2-butene 3-methylcyclopentene 9

10 ALKANES alling names ydrogenation Adds a hydrogen atom to each carbon atom of a double bond ALKENES ALKYNES YLO- ALKYL- + Ni = ethene ethane Products of ydrogenation Figure 22.11: The structure of benzene Adding 2 to vegetable oils produces compounds with higher melting points Margarines Soft margarines Shortenings (solid) Figure 22.12: Some selected substituted benzenes and their names ompounds containing aromatic rings are often used in dyes, such as these for sale in a market in Nepal Source: Getty Images 10

11 Bonding in ethane Bonding in ethylene Bonding in acytylene is and Trans Isomers Double bond is fixed is/trans Isomers are possible = = cis trans 3 Vision begins with a light induced cis-trans isomerization reaction of retinal 11

12 Structural chain Structural - position Structural function isomers Stereo - geometrical butane methyl propane 2methylhexane 3methylhexane cis trans STEREO-ISOMERS Non-Superimposable Mirror Images Stereo - optical 12

13 OO OO OO O O O lactic acid Electromagnetic Radiation (b) Figure 20.13: Unpolarized light consists of waves vibrating in many different planes Figure 20.14: Rotation of the plane of polarized light by an optically active substance. 13

14 Optical Isomer and Interaction with Light Enatiomers rotate the plane of polarized light. Dextrorotatory- d isomer omplex which rotates plane of polarized light to the right. Levorotatory- l isomer omplex which rotates plane of polarized light to the left. hiral molecules are optically active because effect on light Polarizing sun glasses reduce glare of polarized reflections from surfaces 14

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