Possibility: We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:

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1 MODAL VERBS The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will and would. Modals are used to show that we believe something is certain, probable or possible: Possibility: We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain: - They might come later. (Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.) - They may come by car. (Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.) - If we don t hurry we could be late. (Perhaps/Maybe we will be late) We use could have, might have and may have to show that something was possible now or at some time in the past:

2 - It s ten o clock. They might have arrived now. - They could have arrived hours ago. We use can (and could as its past tense) to make general statements about what is possible: - It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter) - It could be very cold in winter. (= Sometimes it was very cold in winter.) Impossibility: We use the negative can t or cannot (couldn t to talk about the past) to show that something is impossible: - That can t be true. - You cannot be serious. - We knew it could not be true. - He was obviously joking. He could not be serious. Probability: We use the modal must (must have for the past) to show we are sure something to be true and we have reasons for our belief: - It s getting dark. It must be quite late. - You haven t eaten all day. You must be hungry. - They hadn t eaten all day. They must have been hungry. - You look happy. You must have heard the good news. We use the modal should (should have for the past) to suggest that something is true or will be true in the future, and to show you have reasons for your suggestion: - Ask Miranda. She should know. - It's nearly six o'clock. They should arrive soon. - It's nearly eleven o'clock. They should have arrived by now. Ability, permission, requests and advice Ability: We use can to talk about someone s skill or general abilities at a given time in the present or future: - She can speak several languages.

3 - He can swim like a fish. - They can t dance very well. - You can make a lot of money if you are lucky. - Help. I can t breathe. We use could to talk about past time: - She could speak several languages. - They couldn t dance very well. We use could have to say that someone had the ability/opportunity to do something, but did not do it: - She could have learned Swahili, but she didn t have time. - I could have danced all night [but didn't]. Permission: We use can to ask for permission to do something. Could is more formal and polite. - Can I ask a question, please? - Can we go home now. - Could I ask a question please? We use can to give permission. May is another more formal and polite way of asking for permission: - May I ask a question please? - May we go home now? - You can go home now if you like. We use can to say that someone has permission to do something. May is a more formal and polite way of saying that someone has permission: - We can go out whenever we want. - Students can travel free. - Students may travel free. Instructions and requests: We use could you and would you as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do something. Can and will are less polite: - Could you take a message please? - Would you carry this for me please?

4 - Could I have my bill please? - Can you take a message please? - Will you carry this for me please? Suggestions and advice: We use should to make suggestions and give advice. We also use could to make suggestions: - You should send an . - We should go by train. - We could meet at the weekend. We use conditionals to give advice. Past tenses are more polite: - Dan will help you if you ask him. - Dan would help you if you asked him. Offers and invitations: We use can I to make offers: - Can I help you? - Can I do that for you?

5 We sometime say I can... or I could... or I ll (I will)... to make an offer: - I can do that for you if you like. - I can give you a lift to the station. - I ll do that for you if you like. - I ll give you a lift to the station. We use would you like (to)... for invitations. We use you must or we must for a very polite invitation: - Would you like to come round tomorrow? - Would you like another drink? - You must come round and see us. - We must meet again soon. Obligation and necessity We use must to say that it is necessary to do something. We use had to for this if we are talking about the past: - You must stop at a red light. - Everyone must bring something to eat. - You can wear what you like, but you must look neat and tidy. - I m sorry, but you mustn t make a noise in here.

6 - Everyone had to bring something to eat. - We could wear what we liked, but we had to look neat and tidy. Modals + have We use a modal verb with have to refer back: from a point of time in the past: - We were very worried. Someone might have taken the car. from the present - It is nearly eight o clock. They will have arrived by now. or from the future: - We won t eat until they arrive. They might not have had supper. or to refer to past time: - You should have helped her when she asked. - They might have got lost. Nobody knows where they are.