The Great West Ch. 26

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1 The Great West Ch. 26

2 ,000 Native Americans stood in the way of westward expansion Arrival of white settlers brings disease, threatens buffalo population, and intensifies warfare among tribes Fort Laramie (1851), Fort Atkinson (1853) Beginnings of the reservation system Native Americans had little concept of territorial boundaries The Clash of Cultures

3 1860s Sioux and the Dakota Territory After the Civil War, the U.S. Army battled Native Americans in the West 1/5 of frontier army personnel were African American Buffalo soldiers The Clash of Cultures

4 Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce Receding Native Population

5 FINAL DESTRUCTION: NAVAJO AND APACHE Wars begin in 1861 Navajo agree to settle on a reservation in New Mexico in 1865 Apache defeated in 1886 after the surrender of Geronimo

6 FINAL DESTRUCTION: CHEYENNE Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 (Colorado) 200 innocent men, women, and children killed 1865 Cheyenne surrender claims and move to reservations

7 FINAL DESTRUCTION: SIOUX Sioux resisted white expansion fiercely First Sioux War ( ) sparked when govt. builds railroad through Sioux lands 1868 Sioux agree to live on reservation in the Dakota Territory

8 FINAL DESTRUCTION: SIOUX Second Sioux War (1875) Federal govt. allows miners to move into the Black Hills area (South Dakota) in search of gold In response, Sioux join Sitting Bull and leave the Black Hills reservation

9 KNEE 1890 U.S. soldiers attempt to arrest followers of Sitting Bull Someone fires gun; massacre ensues (200 unarmed killed; around 70 women and children)

10 BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN Cause June 1876 Custer sent to round up remaining Sioux Custer and cavalry meet a larger than expected Sioux force Result Custer and 200 American soldiers killed Importance Last victory for Indians; govt. floods region with troops

11 THE CLASH OF CULTURES Native Americans put onto reservations; ignored Why did the settlers prevail? Railroads = unlimited supplies Disease Extermination of the buffalo

12 Indian Wars,

13 BELLOWING HERDS OF BISON Buffalo are lifeblood for the Plains Indians Around 15 million buffalo at end of the Civil War Railroad construction Workers need to eat! People begin to slaughter the buffalo for sport, hides, etc only a few thousand left; near extinction WASTE

14 THE END OF THE TRAIL Helen Hunt Jackson and A Century of Dishonor (1881) Book chronicled the deceptive record of the govt. when it came to its relationship with Native Americans 1884 Criminal Code Ghost Dance Native American religious movement Outlawed by the federal govt. Leads to Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890) 200 Indians killed

15 THE END OF THE TRAIL Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 Wiped out tribal ownership of land Provided Native Americans with 160 acres of land with which to farm All leftover land sold to railroads and settlers Proceeds used to civilize Indians Kill the Indian and save the man

16 THE END OF THE TRAIL Dawes Act attempted to make individuals out of the Native Americans Culture was steeped in community; no concept of private ownership of land Assimilation remains policy of the federal govt. until 1930s Indian population begins to slowly come back 243,000 in million in 2000

17 MINING: FROM DISHPAN TO ORE BREAKER Conquest of the Indians and arrival of railroads led to a mining boom in the West Gold rush in California and Colorado Pikes Peak or Bust Towns spring up around mining areas; when gold runs, out people leave Vigilante justice Ghost towns

18 MINING: FROM DISHPAN TO OREBREAKER When surface gold disappeared, corporations move in with equipment Women and men flock to the West in search of riches, jobs Prostitution Women gain right to vote in some western states Mining further intensifies relations with Natives, helps U.S. Treasury, raises silver question

19 BEEF BONANZAS AND THE LONG DRIVE After Civil War, several million cattle roamed the plains of Texas How do you get them to market? Cattle shipped and slaughtered; shipped by train in refrigerated cars to the East Coast The Long Drive Cow Towns Abilene, Dodge City, Cheyenne

20 Cattle Trails 20

21 BEEF BONANZAS AND THE LONG DRIVE Cattle boom ends for several reasons Barbed wire Deep freeze Decline in beef prices Cattle raising become a business Cowboys

22 THE HOMESTEAD ACT Homestead Act of 1862 New law that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a fee of $30 Godsend for farmers 500,000 families take advantage of give-away Large number of families purchased their land from railroad companies, states, etc.

23 THE HOMESTEAD ACT The Reality Much of the land was very difficult to farm, drought Many give-up; abandon their land Govt. program leads to fraud Dummy homesteaders used by corporations Claimed valuable land Land needs some work

24 THE FARMERS FRONTIER Rising wheat prices encourage further pushes west Even onto land that could not sustain ag. Drought in the 1880s People ADAPT to the environment Dry farming Barbed wire New strains of wheat Irrigation

25 EXODUSTERS One of a group of African Americans who migrated to the South after the Civil War; sought to escape racism and poverty Led by Benjamin Pap Singleton; settlers flocked to Kansas

26 HARSH REALITY Almost 50,000 exodusters migrated west Many were unprepared for the living conditions Supplemented income by hiring themselves out to white ranchers Crop failures

27 THE FAR WEST COMES OF AGE Population boom leads to admission of new states Colorado, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Montana, Washington, Wyoming, Idaho Mormon Church bans polygamy, admitted in 1896 Oklahoma sooners and boomers Settlers that jumped the gun (sooners) and attempted to settle in Oklahoma before it was open to settlement OK admitted in 1907

28 THE FADING FRONTIER 1890 frontier line no longer discernible Frederick Jackson Turner and The Significance of the Frontier in American History The frontier as a safety valve When things go bad, move west and farm! The real safety valve Chicago, Denver, San Francisco Role of govt. in development of West

29 THE FARM BECOMES A FACTORY Farming shifts to growing single cash crops Farmers become more closely tied to industry, banking, etc. More reliance on new technology This costs $$$

30 THE FARM BECOMES A FACTORY Steam engine speeds-up harvesting of wheat More product picked, more money, etc. LEADS TO OVERPRODUCTION More and more farmers, unable to keep up with technology, left their farms to work in industry Bonanza farms FARMS CONTROLLED BY LARGE BUSINESSES, RUN BY PROFFESIONALS Result America emerges as the world s breadbasket

31 DEFLATION DOOMS THE DEBTOR Farmers become reliant on one crop Farmers become SOLELY RELIANT on that crop What happens when times get tough??? Unlike American business, farmers had to compete in an INTERNATIONAL market No protection!!! When crop prices go down, farmers are in BIG TROUBLE Not enough money to go around

32 DEFLATION DOOMS THE DEBTOR Farmers produce more than ever, yet lose money How? High interest rates ruin farmers Increased tenant farming, sharecropping

33 UNHAPPY FARMERS Mother Nature wreaks havoc as well Insects Floods, droughts Over-taxing American business protected but not farmers Farmers at the mercy of big business

34 UNHAPPY FARMERS Farmers at the mercy of railroad companies Farmers, despite making up ½ of the population, were politically unorganized at this point The independent mentality of farmers Political uprising coming???

35 THE FARMERS TAKE THEIR STAND Early attempts Greenback Party Demanded more printing of paper money The Grange (1867) Sought to enhance the lives of farmers social, educational, and fraternal activities Picnics, concerts, lectures Confined to Midwest and South

36 THE FARMERS TAKE THEIR STAND The Grange shifts focus to improving addressing the plight of farmers Co-ops, collectivization getting away from big business Sought to regulate railroad rates, storage fees Wabash decision hurts farmers Greenback Labor Party Focused on improving labor, more money 1880 pres. Election James B. Weaver polls 3% of vote

37 THE FARMERS ALLIANCE Late 1870s Farmers come together to socialize, break the stranglehold of railroads and manufacturing 1890 more than a million members Weaknesses: Fails to address the plight of sharecroppers, tenant farmers Exclusion of blacks (strength in numbers!)

38 THE FARMERS ALLIANCE 1880s emergence of Colored Farmers Alliance Out of the Farmers Alliance, the People s Party (BKA Populists) emerges Populists called for: Nationalization of railroads, telephone, and telegraph Free and unlimited coinage of silver (more money, free silver, soft money) Graduated income tax Federal sub-treasury

39 THE POPULIST PLATFORM Increased money supply Unlimited minting of free silver 8 hr. work day; opposed use of Pinkertons Progressive income tax Govt. ownership of transportation and communication

40 PRELUDE TO POPULISM Populists represent a SIGNIFICANT political threat to the establishment If 1892 Populists pick up seats in Congress James Weaver receives more than 1 million popular votes in pres. Election

41 COXEY S ARMY AND THE PULLMAN STRIKE Panic of 1893 more and more people are beginning to think that farmers and workers are victims of the system Increasing numbers of unemployed begin to march in protest To the Populists, these people = allies 1894 One marcher, Jacob Coxey, heads for Washington with supporters

42 COXEY S ARMY What did Coxey want? Govt. relief of unemployment through an inflationary public works program Coxey and his supporters eventually arrested for

43 PULLMAN STRIKE Chicago, 1894 Organized by Eugene Debs (socialist) and the American Railway Union Why were the workers mad? Pullman cut wages by 1/3 but kept rent prices the same

44 PULLMAN STRIKE In response, workers strike; overturned rail car; stopped flow of railway traffic across the country U.S. Attorney General wants federal troops sent in to break strike Strike interfering with transfer of U.S. mail President Cleveland supports this opinion Troops sent in; strike crushed; Debs put in prison

45 PULLMAN STRIKE First time Washington had used a legal injunction against organized labor To labor unions and Populists, the Pullman Strike showed that there was an alliance between the govt. and business an alliance that needed to be broken

46 GOLDEN MCKINLEY AND SILVER BRYAN Election of 1896 Key issue: Monetary policy Republican candidate: William McKinley (Ohio) McKinley backed, funded by powerful industrialist Marcus Hanna Republican platform: Hard money (gold standard) Protective tariff

47 GOLDEN MCKINLEY AND SILVER BRYAN Democrats hurt by the depression; nation rejects Cleveland Free silver advocates now dominate party William Jennings Bryan emerges as front-runner for Democratic nomination

48 SILVER BRYAN Great speaker Cross of Gold speech Bryan receives nomination Platform: Unlimited coinage of silver Demo-Pop Party

49 BRYAN S CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!

50 CLASS CONFLICT: PLOWHOLDERS VS. BONDHOLDERS On the campaign trail, Bryan made around 600 speeches Republicans In God We Trust, with Bryan We Bust Hanna strike fear into industrialists, forces them to empty out their pockets for the McKinley campaign ($16 million)

51 ELECTION OF 1896 Bryan s campaign loses steam as time goes on McKinley wins election decisively Election shows that Bryan s appeal did not bring workers and farmers together Victory for big business, cities, financial conservatism Future of politics is in the CITIES

52 Map 26.7: Presidential Election of 1896 (with electoral vote by state) Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 52

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