TAKE-ALL PATCH. Causal Agent: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae

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1 TAKE-ALL PATCH Causal Agent: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae Hosts: Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bentgrass) A. tenuis (colonial bentgrass) A. canina (velvet bentgrass)

2 Dernoeden (Univ. MD)

3 Poa annua Dernoeden (Univ. MD)

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6 IDENTIFICATION AND BIOLOGY OF THE FUNGUS

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12 Factors Believed to Enhance Take-All Patch Cool Temperatures ( F) Ample Soil Moisture High Soil or Rhizosphere ph (>6.5) Sandy, Light-Textured Soils Fumigated or Recently Cleared Land

13 TAKE-ALL PATCH Epidemiology Pathogen persists in previously infected tissue, but it is a Weak Saprophyte Grows and infects roots between 40ºF and 60ºF Symptoms appear in late-spring or mid-fall when heat or drought stress occurs Most severe in newly established stands

14 Take-all Decline of Bentgrass Generally, Take-All Decline (TAD) starts within 3-5 Years after the disease first appears In wheat, TAD has been linked to a buildup of producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and other Bacteria Root colonizing bacteria inhibit growth of the pathogen on root surfaces (i.e. antagonism) and eventually brings about TAD Dernoeden (Univ. MD)

15 Take-All Patch Control Question : What is the impact of soil ph and nitrogen source on disease severity?

16 Effect of N-Sources on Take-all Patch in Colonial Bentgrass N-Source* Rate % Diseased Area Ib/M kg/ha 12 Jul 12 Oct. 22 Nov Ammonium Phos Ammonium Sulfate Untreated *Applied 12 July and 8 August SMITH, 1956

17 Roles of Mn in Take-all Manganese ٠G. graminis oxidizes Mn 2+ to Mn 3+ or Mn 4+, rendering it unavailable to the plant ٠Results in a localized deficiency of Mn ٠Weakens plant s resistance ٠Mn applications reduces take-all severity

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19 2 lb Mn/A 0 lb Mn/A

20 Influence of Mn and Cu on Take-all Patch on a Bentgrass Fairway % Disease Incidence a a ab a b bc bc b d d Year 1 Year 2 d cd 0 Mn 0 Mn 1 Mn 1 Mn 2 Mn 2 Mn 0 Cu 0.7 Cu 0 Cu 0.7 Cu 0 CU 0.7 Cu lb / A Heckman et. al., 2003, 2004

21 R E D U C I N G P L A N T S T R E S S

22 COMPACTION

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24 Take-All Management For Greens Increase mowing height and reduce the mowing frequency in the summer when TA is active Replace grooved with solid rollers Syringe frequently / hand water Suspend Grooming Practices - Double cutting - Topdressing - Core and water injection aeration - Brushing

25 Management of Take-all Patch (Con t) ٠ maintain soil ph between 5.5 and 6.0 with ammonium fertilizers ٠ manganese applications ٠ resistant species/cultivars

26 Integrated Management of Takeall Patch Resistant Species / Cultivars ٠Fescues, bluegrasses, and ryegrasses are not affected by take-all patch ٠Little known about relative susceptibility of bentgrass species and cultivars

27 Susceptibility of Bentgrass Cultivars to Take-all Patch Madison, WI, 2001 (Fairway Ht)* CULTIVAR Backspin Princeville Penn G-6 Brighton Century SR 7100 Penncross Penneagle L93 Seaside II Providence MEANS (1-9 RATING) 6.2a 6.0ab 5.7ab 5.2ab 4.7ab 4.7ab 4.3ab 4.2ab 4.0b 4.0b 3.7b *NTEP Trials, where 9= least disease

28 Take-All Patch Control Question : Which fungicides are most effective?

29 Control of Take-All Patch P Banner P Rubigan P Bayleton P Heritage P Insignia P Disarm

30 Relative Effectiveness of Turf Fungicides Fungicide AN BP DS GL LS NR PB SM SP TA YP YT Banner Banol 3 L Compass L Daconil Disarm L Endorse L L L Heritage L Insignia L L 3 L 4 4 L L Medallion 2 3 L Phosphite L 4 L Signature 2 4 L Subdue 4 3 AN=Anthracnose, BP=Brown patch, DS=Dollar spot, GL=Gray leaf spot, LS= Leaf spot, NR= Necrotic ring spot PB=Pythium blight, SM=Snow mold (pink), SP=Summer patch, TA=Take-all patch, YP=Yellow patch, YT=Yellow tuft ; Effectiveness 1-4, where 4 =excellent, 3 =good to excellent, 2 =fair to good, 1 =inconsistant control and L=limited data. B.B. Clarke, Rutgers University, March 16, 2004

31 TAKE-ALL CONTROL WITH FUNGICIDES Soika and Sanders, 1996 Rate Disease Severity,1995 Fungicide Kg/ha oz/1000ft 2 27 Apr. 12 Jul. ---% Turf Area Infested--- Thiophanate abc 3.7 ab Propiconazole cd 2.4 abc Triadimefon cd 1.6 abc Fenarimol cd 1.4 bc Azoxystrobin cd 0.6 c Untreated a 4.0 a Fungicides were applied 7 Sept. and 3 Oct., 1994 Treatment were watered-in Rated 1-10 when 1 = 10% disease; 10 = 100% disease Dernoeden (Univ. MD)

32 Subsurface Injection vs. Surface Application 35 c 30 Percent Disease a b a b c Injection Surface Control ***Rubigan 1AS applied at 4 oz/1000 ft 2 in Sept., Oct., Apr., and May B.B. Clarke, unpublished data

33 Management of Take-All Patch with Fungicides Fungicides reduce TA but do not eliminate it Preventive Treatments are best - Timing: Oct. + Nov. + Apr. + May Products* - azoxystrobin (Heritage) - pyraclostrobin (Insignia) - fluoxastrobin (Disarm) - propiconazole (Banner MAXX) - fenarimol (Rubigan) - triadimefon (Bayleton) *Apply in 4 GPA with flat fan nozzles and high pressure