5.1: Introduction Similar cells with a common function are called tissues.

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1 Cells and Tissues 1

2 5.1: Introduction Similar cells with a common function are called tissues. The study of tissues is called histology. There are four (4) primary or major tissue types: 1. Epithelial Tissue 2. Connective Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue 4. Nervous Tissue 2

3 This lecture deals mainly with epithelial and connective cells and tissues the following slides show how the cells are connected together to form tissues. 3

4 Intercellular Junctions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tight junctions Close space between cells Located among cells that form linings Desmosomes Form spot welds between cells Located among outer skin cells Gap junctions Tubular channels between cells Located in cardiac muscle cells Cell membrane Tight junction Cell membrane Desmosome Cell membrane Gap junction 4

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8 Which of these junctions would facilitate exchange of substances between the cells? 8

9 5.1 From Science to Technology Nanotechnology Meets the Blood-Brain Barrier 9

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11 5.2: Epithelial Tissue General Characteristics Covers organs and body surface/lines cavities and hollow organs Have a free surface on one side and basement membrane on other Usually lack blood vessels Cells readily divide Cells are tightly packed Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers Shapes squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube shaped), columnar (tall) Layers simple (one layer of cells), stratified (more than one layer of cells) 11

12 Epithelial Tissue Types Simple squamous: Single layer of flat cells Substances pass easily through Lines air sacs Lines blood vessels Lines lymphatic vessels Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Free surface of tissue Simple squamous epithelium Basement Nucleus Connective tissue Simple cuboidal: Single layer of cube-shaped cells Lines kidney tubules Covers ovaries Lines ducts of some glands Secretes, absorbs Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lumen Connective tissue Nucleus Basement membrane Free surface of tissue Simple cuboidal epithelium (a) (b) (a) (a) (b) b,d: Ed Reschke b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer 12

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17 Epithelial Tissue Types Simple columnar: Single layer of elongated cells Nuclei usually near the basement Membrane at same level Sometimes possesses cilia Sometimes possess microvilli Often has goblet cells (secrete mucus) Lines uterus, stomach, intestines Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nucleus Pseudostratified columnar: Single layer of elongated cells Nuclei at two or more levels, giving the appearance of being stratified Often has cilia Often has goblet cells Lines respiratory passageways Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cilia (free surface of tissue) Cytoplasm Cytoplasm (a) Microvilli (free surface of tissue) Mucus Goblet cell Basement membrane Connective tissue (b) (a) Goblet cell Nucleus Basement membrane Connective tissue (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD 17

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23 Epithelial Tissue Types Stratified squamous: Many cell layers Top cells are flat Can accumulate keratin(skin, nails) Outer layer of skin Lines oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal (nonkeratin) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell sloughing off Free surface of tissue Squamous cells Stratified cuboidal: 2-3 layers Cube-shaped cells Lines ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified cuboidal epithelium Nucleus Lumen (a) Free surface of tissue Basement membrane Connective tissue (b) Layer of dividing cells Basement membrane b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer. Connective tissue 23 (a) (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

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26 Epithelial Tissue Types Stratified columnar: Top layer of elongated cells Cube-shaped cells in deeper layerst Lines par of male urethra and part of pharynx Transitional: Many cell layers Cube-shaped and elongated cells Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Free surface of tissue Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Unstretched transitional epithelium Lumen Free surface of tissue Stratified columnar epithelium Basement membrane Underlying connective tissue Basement membrane (a) (b) Connective tissue Free surface of tissue Stretched transitional epithelium (a) (b) Basement membrane b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Underlying connective tissue (c) b,d: Ed Reschke (d) 26

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31 Glandular Epithelium Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances There are two (2) types: Endocrine glands secrete into tissue fluid or blood Exocrine glands secrete into ducts Unicellular exocrine gland: Composed of one cell Goblet cell Multicellular exocrine gland: Composed of many cells Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc. Simple and compound 31

32 The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and glands. As the body's chemical messengers, hormones transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Many different hormones move through the bloodstream, but each type of hormone is designed to affect only certain cells. 32

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35 Structural Types of Exocrine Glands Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tissue surface Duct Secretory portion Simple tubular Simple branched tubular Simple coiled tubular Simple branched alveolar Compound tubular Compound alveolar 35

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38 Types of Glandular Secretions Merocrine Glands Fluid product Salivary glands Pancreas gland Sweat glands Apocrine Glands Cellular product Portions of cells Mammary glands Ceruminous glands Holocrine Glands Secretory products Whole cells Sebaceous glands Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Intact cell Secretion Pinched off portion of cell (secretion) Disintegrating cell and its contents (secretion) New cell forming by mitosis and cytokinesis (a) Merocrine gland (b) Apocrine gland (c) Holocrine gland 38

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41 5.3: Connective Tissues General characteristics: Most abundant tissue type Many functions: Bind structures Provide support and protection Serve as frameworks Fill spaces Store fat Produce blood cells Protect against infections Help repair tissue damage Have an extracellular matrix made of protein fibers and ground substance Have varying degrees of vascularity Have cells that usually divide 41

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43 5.1 Clinical Application The Body s Glue: The Extracellular Matrix 43

44 Connective Tissue Major Cell Types Fibroblasts Fixed cell Most common cell Large, star-shaped Produce fibers Macrophages Wandering cell Phagocytic Important in immunity and prevention of infection Mast cells Fixed cell Release heparin Release histamine 44

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46 Connective Tissue Fibers Collagenous fibers Thick Composed of collagen Great tensile strength Abundant in dense CT Hold structures together Appear white in abundance Reticular fibers Very thin collagenous fibers Highly branched Form delicate supportive networks Elastic fibers Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin Fibers branch Elastic Appear yellow in abundance 46

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48 5.2 Clinical Application Abnormalities of Collagen Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) is actually a group of disorders caused by various abnormalities of collagen biosynthesis 48

49 Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper: Loose connective tissue Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense connective tissue Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage Bone Blood 49

50 Connective Tissue Types Areolar Connective Tissue Mainly fibroblasts Gel-like ground substance Collagenous fibers Elastic fibers Binds skin to structures Beneath most epithelia Blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells Adipose Connective Tissue Adipocytes Cushions Insulates Stores fats Beneath skin Behind eyeballs Around kidneys and heart Between muscles Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fat droplet Collagenous fiber Fibroblast Cell membrane Nucleus Ground substance Elastic fiber (a) (b) (a) (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

51 Connective Tissue Types Reticular Connective Tissue Composed of reticular fibers Supports internal organ walls Walls of liver, spleen Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Closely packed collagenous fibers Elastic fibers Fibroblasts Very strong Binds body parts together Tendons, ligaments, dermis Poor blood supply; slow to heal Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Collagenous fibers Fibroblasts White blood cell Collagenous fibers (a) Fibroblast (b) (a) (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer 51

52 Connective Tissue Types Dense Irregular C.T. Randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers Dermis of skin Around skeletal muscles Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified squamous epithelium Elastic Connective Tissue Abundant in elastic fibers Some collagenous fibers Fibroblasts Attachments between bones Walls of large arteries, airways, heart Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dense irregular connective tissue Collagenous fibers Fibroblast Elastic fibers Adipose tissue (a) (b) 52 b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

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54 Connective Tissue Types Cartilage Rigid matrix containing gel-like ground substance Chondrocytes in lacunae Poor blood supply Covered by perichondrium Three (3) types: Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage Hyaline cartilage Most abundant Fine collagenous fibers Ends of bones Nose, respiratory passages Embryonic skeleton Elastic cartilage Flexible due to elastic fibers External ear, larynx Fibrocartilage Very tough due to many collagenous fibers Shock absorber Intervertebral discs Pads of knee and pelvic girdle 54

55 While the exact cause of pectus excavatum is unknown, it may be an inherited condition because it sometimes runs in families Severe cases of pectus excavatum can compress the lungs and push the heart over to one side. Even mild cases of pectus excavatum can result in self-image problems. Heart and lung problems If the depth of the breastbone indentation is severe, it may reduce the amount of room the lungs have to expand. This compression can also squeeze the heart, pushing it into the left side of the chest and reducing its ability to pump efficiently. 55

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60 Connective Tissue Types Three (3) types of cartilage: Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Elastic fibers Nucleus Lacuna Nucleus Lacuna Chondrocyte Chondrocyte (a) Extracellular matrix (b) (a) Extracellular matrix (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Hyaline Cartilage Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Elastic Cartilage Chondrocyte Nucleus Collagenous fiber Extracellular matrix (a) (b) 60 b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

61 Cartilage: The three types of cartilage There are three types of cartilage: Hyaline - most common, found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. Is a precursor of bone. Fibro- is found in invertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments. Elastic - is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx. 61

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64 Connective Tissue Types Bone (Osseous Tissue) Solid matrix Supports Protects Forms blood cells Attachment for muscles Skeleton Osteocytes in lacunae (a) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Osteon Lamella Central canal Lacuna Canaliculi Lacuna Osteocyte (b) (c) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer; c: Prof. P. Motta/ Univ. La Sapienza /Photo Researchers, Inc. 64

65 Connective Tissue Types Blood Fluid matrix called plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Transports Defends Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. White blood cell Red blood cells Plasma (extracellular matrix of blood) Platelet (a) (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./ Dennis Strete, photographer 65

66 5.4: Types of Membranes There are four (4) types of epithelial membranes: 1. Serous Membranes Line body cavities that do not open to the outside Reduce friction Inner lining of thorax and abdomen Cover organs of thorax and abdomen Secrete serous fluid 2. Mucous Membranes Line tubes and organs that open to outside of body Lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Secrete mucus 3. Cutaneous Membranes Covers body Skin 4. Synovial Membranes Composed entirely of connective tissue Lines joints 66

67 5.5: Muscle Tissues General characteristics: Muscle cells also called muscle fibers Contractile Three (3) types: Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle tissue Attached to bones Striated Voluntary Smooth muscle tissue Walls of organs Skin Walls of blood vessels Involuntary Non-striated Cardiac muscle tissue Heart wall Involuntary Striated Intercalated discs 67

68 Muscle Tissue Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Striations Cytoplasm Nucleus Nuclei Portion of a muscle fiber (a) (b) (a) (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD Skeletal Muscle Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Smooth Muscle Striations Nucleus Intercalated disc (a) Cardiac Muscle (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD 68

69 5.6: Nervous Tissue Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Functional cells are neurons Neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cellular process Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Cell membrane Sensory reception (a) Nuclei of neuroglia (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Alvin Telser, photographer, PhD Conduction of nerve impulses 69

70 5.2 From Science to Technology Tissue Engineering: Building a Replacement Bladder 70

71 Important Points in Chapter 5: Outcomes to be Assessed 5.1: Introduction Describe how cells are organized into tissues. Identify the intercellular junctions in tissues. List the four major tissue types in the body. 5.2: Epithelial Tissues Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue. Name the types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found. Explain how glands are classified. 5.3: Connective Tissues Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue. 71

72 Important Points in Chapter 5: Outcomes to be Assessed Compare and contrast the components, cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix (where applicable) in each type of connective tissue. Describe the major functions of each type of connective tissue. 5.4: Types of Membranes Describe and locate each of the four types of membranes. 5.5: Muscle Tissues Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue. 5.6: Nervous Tissues Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissue. 72

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