4 Types of Tissue. Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural. Can you come up with 2-3 basic functions for each of these?
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1 Epithelial Tissues
2 4 Types of Tissue Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural Can you come up with 2-3 basic functions for each of these?
3 Characteristics of Epithelia 1. Predominantly made of cells all cells tightly bound by cell junctions 2. Polarity (apical and basal surfaces) 3. Attached to basal lamina 4. Avascular (lack blood vessels) 5. Regenerate via stem cells
4 Where is Epithelia found? Covers exposed surfaces Skin, digestive tube, reproductive tract, ureter, bladder, trachea, lungs Lines internal passageways Blood vessels, lymph system Forms glands Sebaceous (mammary), salivary, gastric, intestinal, mucous
5 Functions of Epithelia 1. Provide Physical Protection 2. Control cell permeability 3. Provide sensation - neuroepithelia 4. Produce secretions via glands
6 Functions of Epithelia Physical Protection Protect all surfaces exposed to the environment (external & internal) Mechanical (abrasion) Biological & chemical (bacteria, viruses & their byproducts) Dehydration
7 Functions of Epithelia Control cell permeability absorption Anything entering or leaving body crosses epithelia Sensitive to various stimuli PTH - increase Ca 2+ absorption across epithelial cells of small intestine Aldosterone - increases Na + absorption across epithelia of LOH Vitamin C promotes iron absorption in small intestine
8 Functions of Epithelia Provide sensation - neuroepithelia Large sensory nerve supply mechano, electro, chemoreceptors All special senses provided by specialized epithelia
9 Functions of Epithelia Form glands (glandular epithelia) that produce secretions Exocrine - released onto epithelial surface via ducts sweat, tears, milk Endocrine - released into blood or lymph for action elsewhere Hormones ductless What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands & secretions? Where and how they DELIVER those secretions
10 Specialized for different functions 1. Move fluids over the epithelium Protection & lubrication (mucus) 2. Move fluids through the epithelium permeability 3. Produce secretions Protection, messengers, waste removal, nutrient supply
11 Mechanical & Chemical Barriers Physical integrity is maintained by: intercellular connections attachment to basal lamina maintenance and repair
12 Intercellular Connections Support Communication
13 Large Connections CAMs (cell adhesion molecules): Transmembrane proteins: cell membrane-cell membrane connections Intercellular cement: Proteoglycans (extracellular polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains) Glycosaminoglycans Hyaluronan
14 3 Cell Junctions Form bonds with other cells or extracellular material: tight junctions gap junctions desmosomes
15 Between 2 cell membranes Adhesion belt attaches to terminal web Prevents passage of water & its solutes Acids ingested Bacteria EX: Isolates waste & metabolic byproduct throughout lumen Tight Junctions
16 CAMs, dense areas, and intercellular cement Button desmosomes Ties cells together Supported internally by intermediate filaments; Allow bending and twisting Hemidesmosomes Ties cell to basal lamina Desmosomes
17 Attachment to Basal Lamina Lamina lucida (closer to ET): thin layer secreted by epithelia barrier to proteins Lamina densa (closer to CT): thick fibers Secreted by connective tissue strength and filtration
18 Repairing & Replacing Epithelia Epithelial cells are replaced by division of germ cells (stem cells) Lie just superior to basal lamina
19 Cell Arrangements Simple: Single layer of cells = fragile Often used for filtration = secretions & absorption Stratified 2 or more layers of cells Use top layer to identify (as squamous, cuboidal etc.) Often seen in wear and tear areas (high mechanical or chemical stress) Pseudostratified One layer that looks like many layers Seen in areas needing to stretch (bladder walls)
20 Classes of Epithelia Based on shape and # of layers Table 4 1
21 Apical Basal Basement Membrane basal lamina: collagen, laminin, proteoglycans Epithelial secretions reticular lamina: reticular fibers, fibronectin, glycoproteins connective tissue secretions Surfaces
22 Surface Variations Plain Cilia Propel substances over surfaces Microvilli Increase exposed surface area Often in columnar epithelia
23 Modes of Glandular Secretion What is lost during secretion? Apocrine Merocrine Holocrine
24 Merocrine Secretion Secretory products secreted via vesicular exocytosis Most common form of secretion often continuous Ex: Pancreatic cells, sweat, saliva Figure 4 6a
25 Apocrine Secretion Cytoplasm & secretion are excreted milk & underarm persperation Figure 4 6b
26 Holocrine Secretion Entire cell lost with secretion. Stem cells divide to replace lost cells Ex: Sebaceous glands Figure 4 6c
27 Glands: Arrangement of cells Unicellular: Goblet cells Multicellular: Tubular Brunner s gland in duodenum Alveolar Sebaceous/Oil glands Combination Salivary glands Mucous = mucin: A glycoprotein that combines with water
28 Secretory Glands: General Types Serous Secrete a watery substance containing enzymes Saliva with alpha-amylase Mucous Secrete mucin hydrates to form mucus Mixed Exocrine
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