Selecting the Right Glass for Solar Shading
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1 Selecting the Right Glass for Solar Shading Keeping cool in summer, warm in winter, comfortable all the time,... and saving energy too Back to Basics: Specifying the Right Windows for Your Job ASHRAE Seminar Sunday, June 27 10:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. Ross McCluney, Ph.D., Prinicipal Research Scientist Florida Solar Energy Center 1 Background I teach a half-day short course on Energy Smart Windows for residences Short Course Outline: Fundamentals of heat transfer Dealing with the sun orientation and shading Solar spectrum fundamentals Spectral selectivity for hot and cold climates Intro to daylighting & glare Interior, exterior, and glazing shading options Hourly energy performance Web sites for energy ratings and hourly performance estimation Advice on selecting the right windows for your residence This presentation: Material I present dealing with glazing systems Emphasis is on reducing solar heat gain while admitting adequate daylight illumination 2
2 Solar Spectrum Fundamentals Solar radiation covers a range of colors and wavelengths Important for the design and performance of windows in different climates. Solar radiation physics Needed to fully understand the variety of window products now on the market. We begin with the electromagnetic spectrum. 3 Breaking sunlight into its various colors Sir Isaac Newton 1723 Glass prism Invisible infrared Invisible ultraviolet Red 700 nm Orange Yellow Green Blue 400 nm 4
3 Electromagnetic Spectrum Wave - length 1pm 1nm 1m 1mm 1m 1km Cosmic rays Gamma rays X rays UV IR Radio Microwaves Visible spectrum UV 400 nm 450 nm 500 nm 550 nm 600 nm 650 nm 700 nm 750 nm IR 320 nm Solar spectrum 3500 nm 5 Parts of the solar spectrum Solar spectrum 1.2 Human eye sensitivity (Visible portion of the spectrum) 0 UV VIS 500 NIR Wavelength in nm 2500 Ultraviolet (UV) Near Infrared (NIR) Far Infrared (FIR) 6
4 Emission of Heat Radiation objects emit radiation The hotter they are, the more they emit As their temperature increases, the spectral distribution shifts as well, as shown on the next slide 7 Objects Emit Radiation 10 8 Blackbody radiation spectra from 80 to 35,000 deg Fahrenheit VIS NIR FIR Room temperature Solar Spectral range Wavelength in micrometers 8
5 Blackbody Radiation Previous slide was on a log scale. This is on a linear one. 75 F curve 3.5 m Wavelength 30 m 9 Why black body radiation is important panes radiate toward cold ones Cold The wavelengths are in the far IR spectral range We can take advantage of this in designing the glass panes 10
6 Spectral Selectivity for Cold Climates Solar spectrum Cold climate glass transmittance Room temperature surface emission spectrum Human eye response Wavelength VIS NIR FIR UV Ultra Visible Invisible Invisible IR emitted by Violet light solar IR room temperature 200 nm 380 nm 760 nm 3.5 m surfaces 30 m 11 Spectral Selectivity for Hot Climates Hot climate transmittance Solar spectrum Cold climate transmittance Room temperature surface emission spectrum Human eye response Wavelength VIS NIR FIR UV Ultra Visible Invisible Invisible IR emitted by Violet light solar IR room temperature 200 nm 380 nm 760 nm 3.5 m surfaces 30 m 12
7 Quantifying Heat Flows Incident solar irradiance Heat flux, Q in W/m 2 Reflected solar radiation Glazing-absorbed solar radiant heat E o R s E o Outward flowing fraction of glazing absorbed radiation E o Transmitted solar radiation E o T s = Q direct A s = Q absorbed Inward fraction N i A s E o Visible Transmittance VT (%) Total glazing solar heat gain = Q inward Glazing conduction heat transfer Q g = U g Area t 13 Glazing Performance Indices 1 Primary Indices Reflected solar radiation R s Glazing-absorbed solar radiant heat A s T s Solar Heat Gain Coefficient T s + N i A s = SHGC Outward flowing fraction of glazing absorbed radiation N i A s Visible Transmittance VT VT U-factor U U (R-value = 1/U) 14
8 Quantifying Spectral Selectivity Spectral selectivity: Optical properties vary with wavelength Not needed in northern Alaska Can be very helpful in hot and warm climates Useful in cold climates when buildings are internal load dominated and have trouble losing heat In these cases we need low solar heat gain So Just lower the solar transmittance But this also lowers visible transmittance Spectral selectivity allows dropping solar gain without dropping visible transmittance as much Wavelength 15 Spectral Selectivity of Real Glazings Spectral Transmittances of Various Window Glazings Clear plate Bluegreen #1 Bronze coated Little Little Mild Bluegreen #2 Spectrally sel.-1 Spectrally sel.-2 Similar IR spectra Strong VIS ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Lower VT, Wavelength in nanometers higher LSG 16
9 Light to Solar Gain ratio - A measure of spectral selectivity VT SHGC LSG Visible transmittance: Fraction of incident light transmitted Solar heat gain coefficient: Fraction of incident solar radiation admitted as heat gain Light-to-Solar Gain ratio: Ratio of visible transmittance to solar heat gain coefficient LSG = VT SHGC 17 Color Limits Spectral Transmittances Low LSG Spectral Transmittances Blue Red Higher LSG Plate glass LSG 1.2 Green VIS LSG ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Wavelength ,000 Wavelength Spectral Transmittances Very High LSG Spectral Transmittances Very Low LSG Very Green SHGC high VT quite low ,000 Wavelength ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Wavelength 18
10 SHGC VT and SHGC relationships for spectrally selective glazings Forbidden zone SHGC versus VT LSG = Single-pane clear glass Visible transmittance Forbidden zone Target for hot climate glazings 19 Coatings and Tints One can use High solar gain low-e coatings for cold climates Low solar gain low-e coatings for hot climates IR-absorbing glass for hot climates A variety of ways to coat and tint glass Here s a detailed rundown on the options 20
11 Cold climate glazings Admit and trap solar heat Low-emissive configuration Cold-climate low-e coated windows FIR 1 One way to do the job Total solar spectrum High solar gain low-e coating. Transmits solar, doesn t emit FIR, so it keeps the heat inside, where it is needed Cold Insulated gas space (air, argon, krypton) 21 Cold climate glazings Admit and trap solar heat Low-emissive configuration FIR Cold-climate low-e coated windows Two ways to do the job 1 2 High-reflective configuration FIR Cold FIR not emitted Cold climate low-e coating. Cold FIR reflected 22
12 Hot Climate Glazings Admit visible, reject invisible solar NIR Reflective Cool Visible only Hot-climate coated windows 1 One way to do it By rejecting nearly half the incident solar radiation with reflection, the SHGC is nearly half as large Solar near IR Visible light Hot-climate near-ir reflective coating (Also called hot-climate low-e coating) (or a low-solar-gain low-e coating) 23 Hot Climate Glazings Admit visible, reject invisible solar Hot-climate coated windows NIR Reflective VIS Two ways to do it FIR Absorptive 1 2 VIS Cool Hot Cool Long-wavelength IR Solar near IR Visible light Solar near IR absorber Hot-climate near-ir reflective coating Cold-climate low-e coating 24
13 Putting it all together Low-emissive Cold-climate low-e configuration Coatings for coated Energy windows Control configuration Or High-reflective a. Cold b. Cold Absorptive longwave conversion Or Hot-climate coated windows Solar direct reflection * Or * c. d. Hot Cool Hot Cool Long-wavelength IR Solar near IR Solar near IR absorber (longwave convertor) Cold-climate low-e coating Hot-climate solar near IR reflective coating Cool Cool *Second pane optional in principle 25 Exterior Shading Though we re talking about glazing systems, I can t fail to mention the value of exterior shading. It is generally better to block the sun before it strikes the glass But we cannot always do this, due to Subdivision restrictions Aesthetic considerations Multi-story building Desire not to block an important scene 26
14 When exterior shading is neither permitted, nor desired, nor possible Use High-Performance Glazing Systems To minimize solar heat gain, use low solar gain low-e coated glazings with high LSG ratio Choose VT to fit the situation VT high for north-facing, and exposures already shaded fairly well VT low for east- and west-facing exposures inadequately shaded To reduce peak load, enhance comfort and allow smaller air conditioners, use double pane windows Impact resistant for coastal zone Insulated frames to reduce condensation and improve comfort further 27 Glass Spectral Choices Spectral Transmittances of Various Window Glazings Clear plate Bluegreen #1 Bronze coated Bluegreen #2 Spectrally Spectrally High VT, low SHGC Medium VT, lower SHGC Low VT, lowest SHGC VIS ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Wavelength in nanometers 28
15 Window Recommendations in Summary All windows: Insist on high-lsg glazings and double-pane, insulated windows throughout the building for energy savings, comfort, reduced peak load, and smaller A/C capacity (and cost). North-facing: Use a side-wall, or a deep window reveal to block low rising and setting sun on hot summer days South-facing: - Use a modest overhang if you like winter sun - Use a wide overhang to avoid sun year round - High-LSG glazings are especially important if shading s inadequate East- and West-facing, a menu of choices: For hot climates: Dense tree shading where possible Awning shade Exterior shade screen Exterior roller shutters Highest-LSG glazing system, VT between and Interior reflective operable shade For cold climates: Well-insulated multiple pane windows with insulated frames Laminated glass for impact resistance if exterior shade is not enough for this 29 Proper Glazing Choices Promote Good energy efficiency Protection against future energy price shocks Protection against peak demand charges from utilities Reduced global warming Lower energy costs Visual and acoustic comfort Thermal comfort Higher building values More productive employees 30
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