CHAPTER 13: EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 13: EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION Lecture 07 Charles Darwin: HMS Beagle expedition, Galapagos, On the Origin of Species Evolution: evidence for evolution in fossil record (transitional forms) Homologous structures Be able to read an evolutionary tree (Ex: Lecture07 slide 10 - name all types of organisms on the tree that have an amnion) Genetic variation: how does it relate to evolution/natural selection Define a population s gene pool 5 Mechanisms of evolution: understand and have examples handy Bottleneck and founder effect Natural selection Adaptations sexual selection (sexual dimorphism) Stabilizing, directional and disruptive selection (define and have examples handy) Heterozygote advantage Artificial selection Superbugs VIDEO: The Five Fingers of Evolution CHAPTER 14: BIOLOGICAL SPECIES AND SPECIATION Lecture 08_01 Biological species Speciation How are species maintained (i.e. hybrids deterred) pre-zygotic barriers to interbreeding pre-zygotic barriers to interbreeding Mechanisms of speciation: allopatric vs. sympatric Adaptive radiation Hybrids, hybrid zones and outcomes of hybrid zones Page 1 of 5

2 CHAPTER 15: ORIGIN OF LIFE Lecture 08_01 & Lecture 08_02 Hypothesis for life from abiotic synthesis; what was the first life like? Geological record: definition and uses Theory of plate tectonics (and diagram of eath s core, manthle and crust that I drew on the chalkboard) Continental drift Extinctions Adaptive radiations Cretacean extinction Evidence for a current 6 th mass extinction Homeotic genes and development Exaptations Taxonomy: King Phillip Came Over From Greece Singing Genus species (Ex: Homo sapiens) analogies vs. homologies Molecular systematics and genome sequencing CHAPTER 17: PLANT & FUNGAL EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY Lecture 09_01 Land plant ancestor Alternation of generations (plant life cycle) Spores, sporangia, gametophyte, sporophyte, sperm, egg Order of evolution, traits, life history, reproduction, habitats, adaptations for land (or lack of adaptations) for: Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms (Nonvascular, Seedless Vascular and Seeded vascular plants) The carboniferous period Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms Stigma, ovary, carpel, stamen, ovule, fruit Pollination vs. fertilization Types of pollination strategies Fungal ancestor How do fungi reproduce (which is the reproductive structure) Hyphae, mycelium Fungal food strategies (parasite vs decomposer vs symbiont explain and give examples) Page 2 of 5

3 CHAPTER 18: INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY Lecture 09_01_ 09_02 Common ancestor of all invertebrates Radial vs. bilateral symmetry Ventral vs. dorsal and anterior vs posterior Order of evolution, traits: true tissues, radial symmetry etc. Animal development deuterostomes vs. protostomes Features of major invertebrate phyla Ecdysis Evolutionary adaptations of insects Ecosystem services of invertebrates VIDEO: How Parasites Change Their Hosts Behavior CHAPTER 19: VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY Lecture 11_01 Order of evolution, traits,, adaptations for land (or lack of adaptations) for: Craniates, jawed vertebrates, ray finned fishes, bony fishes, lobed finned fishes, tetrapods, amniotes, mammals Monotremes vs marsupials vs eutherians Evolution and traits of primates leading to humans Apes vs. humans Hominins Genus Australopithecus vs. Genus Homo Homo erectus vs. Homo neanderthalensis vs. Homo sapiens VIDEO: The Coelacanth: A living fossil of a fish Page 3 of 5

4 CHAPTER 34&36: BIOMES AND POPULATION ECOLOGY Lecture 10_02 Cause of regional vs. seasonal climate Ocean habitats: intertidal, photic, aphotic, benthic, pelagic, continental shelf Estuaries vs wetlands Freshwater biomes Geographic distribution (i.e. polar vs tropical vs temperate and only northern or only southern hemisphere) and traits of biomes from lecture Population ecology: density, dispersion patterns bioaccumulation Be able to understand a life table and calculate survival knowing population size and death rate Type I vs type II vs Type III survival w/ examples Exponential vs logistical growth Density dependence vs. density independence (examples) Trends in human population : explain the demographic transition we are going through VIDEO Hans Rosling on Global Population Growth CHAPTER 37: COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS Lecture 11_01 Competition vs. mutualism vs predation vs herbivory vs parasitism Coevolution Trophic structure Understand food webs and the role of each trophic level in sustaining a balanced ecosystem direct vs. indirect effects in food webs (zebra example) species diversity = richness + relative abundance (be able to calculate richness and relative abundance given a picture of a community!) Why is diversity important? Keystone species (seastar example) Primary ecological succession vs Secondary ecological succession Affects of invasive species (w/ examples) Abiotic reservoirs for P, C and N Why P, C and N are important in ecosystems Energy flow in food webs Sources of N in ecosystems Eutrophication Page 4 of 5

5 VIDEO Rethinking Progress CHAPTER 38: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Lecture 11_02 Ecosystem vs species vs genetic diversity Threats to biodiversity (in order of importance) Effects of habitat loss Effects of invasive species Effects of overharvesting Effects of pollution Summarize global climate change: what is it? How can it affect biodiversity? Indicators of climate change Effects of climate change Spp. Susceptibility to climate change Conservation biology at spp. Vs. ecosystem level Movement corridors, protected areas, marine protected areas, y2y Grey wolf conservation past to present Restoration ecology (types and examples) VIDEO: Why is biodiversity so important? SUMMARY OF PAST CHECK-INS FOR YOUR REVIEWING PLEASURE: How are closely related species prevented from interbreeding? Give an example. What are Superbugs and how can you prevent their populations from increasing? What is the difference between a homology and an analogy? How did the evolution of a vascular system (xylem and phloem) allow plants to better adapt to life on land? Insects make up 75% of the animal kingdom. Why are insects so successful? Population growth occurs when birth rates exceed death rates. Give an example of how density dependence can affect birth or death rates. Describe how this can affect population growth. Based on the concepts of succession and food webs, describe the types of plants and animals you would expect to see in the recently burned area of SB after 1 year and after 20 years. Are organisms with type I or type III more susceptible to extinction due to global climate change? Explain why. Page 5 of 5