Molten Salt as a Heat Transfer Fluid in Solar Thermal Power Plant Applications

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1 Molten Salt as a Heat Transfer Fluid in Solar Thermal Power Plant Applications Project Proposal By: Stewart Wyatt RPI Hartford MANE 6970 Fall 2015 Advisor: Professor Lemcoff

2 Abstract A review of Nusselt number correlations for fully developed turbulent flow in tubes is completed with the intent of determining the sensitivity to variable properties. The application is Solar Thermal Power Plants with molten nitrate salt (60%w NaNO3, 40%w KNO3) as the heat transfer fluid. Published data for molten salt convective heat transfer is limited to Re < and low heat flux. For this application, Re < and concentrated solar heat flux of 1.0 MW.m -2 are required. At the higher flux values, the properties that are a function of temperature, including dynamic viscosity, are reviewed to determine their influence on the constant properties assumption of available Nusselt number correlation. Recommendations for the use of Nusselt number correlation in tubes and annuli are provided for Solar Thermal Power Plants with molten salt applications. Introduction Solar Thermal Power Plants (STPP) can be used to generate electricity in a manner similar to that of a traditional fossil fuel plant in that superheated steam is used to drive a turbine-generator. The inherent disadvantage of solar plants is that the energy source, solar radiation, is cyclic (daily and seasonally) and intermittent. This may be addressed by the use thermal energy storage to allow the plants electricity generation to follow the demand rather than the instantaneous solar flux. The use of molten salt as the heat transfer fluid within a solar thermal power plant is investigated. The molten salt provides the energy link between the concentrated solar flux at the receiver and the steam generated for the turbine generator as shown in Figure 1. Molten nitrate salt is used as both the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium, with heat gained from the concentrated solar flux at the receiver, and heat rejected at the steam generator. The steam generator supplies steam at a temperature close to the peak salt temperature of 565 o C, this allows operation of the Rankine cycle turbine at conditions similar to a conventional fossil fuel plant. The peak salt temperature given is that of the Solar Tres 15 MW e plant in Spain that incorporates 16 hours of full power storage requirements [Mills 2004]. Both salt storage tanks remain above the freezing point of the molten salt.

3 Figure 1. Schematic of the Solar Tres solar thermal power plant with molten salt energy storage [Medrano et al 2010] The use of molten nitrate salt (60%w NaNO 3, 40%w KNO 3 ) is investigated with respect to its heat transfer characteristics at the high Reynolds and Nusselt numbers found in the receiver of a practical solar thermal power plant. A review of the literature has provided data for this and other molten salts but only below the required Reynolds and Nusselt number ranges. The validity of the assumption of the heat transfer fluids constant properties, in particular dynamic viscosity, is reviewed with regard to convective heat transfer calculations when applied to STPP applications. The hydraulic and thermal boundary layers are considered for flow in both tubes and annuli. The velocity and temperature profiles are developed to determine the sensitivity to the constant property assumption. Problem Description Determine the operating characteristics of an STPP with molten salt heat transfer fluid. Properties include wall to fluid temperature differential, and molten salt properties as a function of temperature. Review the available Nusselt number correlations for fully developed turbulent flow within tubes, in particular, variable property corrections used. Determine limitations including Reynolds number, wall to fluid temperature differential, and constant/variable properties assumptions. For flow in tubes and annuli, determine the sensitivity of the Nusselt number correlations to the variable properties associated with and STPP with molten salt as the heat transfer fluid.

4 Methodology/Approach Literature review including: STPP characteristics (heat flux, operating temperatures, tube diameters, fluid velocity, ) Molten salt properties as a function of temperature Nusselt number correlations for fully developed turbulent flow in a tube Tube and Annuli velocity and temperature profile Resources Required Published resources. Expected Outcomes Recommendations on the use of Nusselt number correlations and their applicability to STPP with molten salt as the heat transfer fluid. Milestone/Deadline List 21 September 2015 Project proposal (this document) 19 October 2015 First progress report including: 1. STPP characteristics 2. Nusselt number correlations 2 November 2015 Second progress report including: 1. Tube and annuli velocity and temperature profiles 16 November 2015 Third progress report including 1. Sensitivity analysis of variable properties 30 November 2015 Preliminary final report 7 December 2015 Final report References ASME (2011 addenda). ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, II, Part D, Properties (metric): Materials. New York: ASME. Avila-Marin, A. L., J. Fernandez-Reche, F. M. Tellez Evaluation of the Potential of Central Receiver Solar Power Plants: Configuration, Optimization and Trends. In Applied Energy, Volume 112, Page

5 Bhatti, M. S., R. K. Shah Turbulent and Transition Flow Convective Heat Transfer in Ducts. In Handbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer, edited by S. Kakac, R. K. Shah, W. Aung. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Bird, R. B., W. E. Stewart, E. N. Lightfoot Transport Phenomena. Revised second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Dittus, F. W., L. M. K. Boelter Heat Transfer in Automobile Radiators of the Tubular Type. In University of California Publications in Engineering, Volume 2, Issue 13, Pages Republished in International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 12, Issue 1, January-February 1985, Pages Gnielinski, V New Equations for Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent Pipe and Channel Flow. In International Chemical Engineering, Volume 16, Number 2, Pages Incropera, F. P., D. P. DeWitt Introduction to Heat Transfer. Fourth edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Janz, G. J., U. Krebs, H. F. Sigenthaler, R. P. T. Tomkins Molten Salts: Volume 3, Nitrates, Nitrites, and Mixtures. Electrical Conductance, Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension Data. In Journal of Physical Chemistry, Volume 1, Number 3, Pages Kays, W., M. Crawford, B. Weigand Convective Heat and Mass Transfer. Fourth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kolb, G. J An Evaluation of Possible Next-Generation High-Temperature Molten-Salt Power Towers. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories. Liao, Z., X. Li, C. Xu, C. Chang, Z. Wang Allowable Flux Density on a Solar Central Receiver. In Renewable Energy, Volume 62, Pages Mackowski, D. W Conduction Heat Transfer: Notes for MECH Mechanical Engineering Department, Auburn University. Accessed 11 September. Medrano, M., A. Gil, I. Martorell, X. Potau, L. F. Cabeza State of the Art on High- Temperature Thermal Energy Storage for Power Generation. Part 2 Case Studies. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 14, Pages Mills, D Advances in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology. In Solar Energy, Volume 76, Pages Norris, R. H Some Simple Approximate Heat-Transfer Correlations for Turbulent Flow in Ducts with Rough Surfaces. In Augmentation of Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, Edited by A. E.

6 Bergles, R. L. Webb., The Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. New York: ASME. Petukhov, B. S Heat Transfer and Friction in Turbulent Pipe Flow with Variable Physical Properties. In Advances in Heat Transfer, Volume 6. New York: Academic Press. Schlichting, H Boundary Layer Theory. Seventh edition. Translated by J. Kestin. New York: McGraw-Hill. Sieder, E. N., G. E. Tate Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Liquids in Tubes. In Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, December, Volume 28, Number 12, Pages Sleicher, C. A., M. W. Rouse A Convenient Correlation for Heat Transfer to Constant and Variable Property Fluids in Turbulent Pipe Flow. In International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 18, Pages Vant-Hull, L. L The Role of Allowable Flux Density in the Design and Operation of Molten- Salt Solar Central Receivers. In ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, May, Volume 124, Pages White, F. M Viscous Fluid Flow. Third edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Winterton, R. H. S Where did the Dittus and Boelter Equation Come From? In International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 41, Numbers 4-5, Pages Wu, Y-T, C. Chen, B. Liu, C-F. Ma Investigation on Forced Convection Heat Transfer of Molten Salts in Circular Tubes. In International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 39, Pages Zavoico, A. B Solar Power Tower Design Basis Document. Revision 0. SAND , San Francisco: Sandia National Laboratories.

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