BIO162 Microbiology for Allied Health Review questions for Exam #1
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1 BIO162 Microbiology for Allied Health Review questions for Exam #1 Introduction and history 1. List the different types of microbes and give an example of each. 2. List the different career fields of microbiology 3. Discuss why microbes are essential for life on earth. 4. List some industrial and pharmaceutical uses of microorganisms. 5. Discuss the major contributions to microbiology by the following scientists (e.g. what they did; how they did it; significance of what they did, etc.): a. Anton von Leewenhoek b. Robert Hooke c. Louis Pasteur d. Robert Koch 6. Discuss the following: a. Spontaneous generation b. Germ theory of disease c. Koch s postulates 7. Define the following terms: a. Microbiology b. Antibiotics c. Indigenous microflora d. Normal microflora e. Ubiquitous f. Pathogens g. Non-pathogens h. Pure culture Metric system 1. Know the common basic units used for measuring length, weight and volume 2. Know the symbols and prefixes 3. Be able to convert measurements 4. Be able to work on application problems Taxonomy and cell tour 8. Describe the Cell Theory. Know the scientists who contributed to the formulation of this theory. 9. What are the two basic cell types? 10. Compare and contrast structural similarities and major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 11. What is the relative size of the different types of microbes.
2 12. Define taxonomy and describing the contributions of Woese to this science 13. Explain how the three-domain system was devised and identify the domains to which microorganisms belong 14. Describe the five-kingdom systems. Identify the kingdoms to which microorganisms belong and the general characteristics of each one (e.g. unicellular, multicellular, sessile etc.). 15. What are taxonomic groups? Know the correct sequence of the taxa and their relationship. 16. Describe the binomial system of nomenclature and how to write out scientific names of microbes 17. Discuss the structural features and functions of various eukaryotic organelles. 18. Define the following terms a. Cell b. Prokaryotes c. Eukaryotes d. Cell membrane e. DNA f. Ribosomes g. Cytoplasm h. Nucleoid i. Organelles j. Binary fission k. Plasmid l. Chromosomes m. True nucleus n. rrna o. Taxonomy p. Binomial nomenclature Culturing techniques 1. Describe the importance of and when required: a. Flaming the inoculating loop b. Flaming test tubes or bottle containing sterile liquid c. Incubation techniques (temperature, time, placement) 2. Differentiate the purpose of liquid vs. agar medium, slant vs. petri dish 3. Describe the technique of isolate streaking 4. Describe the technique of wet mounts 5. State the ingredients provided in a culturing medium 6. State the proper disposal of contaminated material 7. Define the following: a. Agar b. Broth c. Petri dish d. Slant
3 e. Pure culture f. Isolated colony g. turbid Microscopes 1. Describe a simple microscope 2. Discuss the different parts of a compound microscope and their function 3. Describe the proper way to carry and store of your microscope in the lab 4. Know how to calculate total magnification 5. Describe the proper way to view object using the oil immersion lens. 6. Define resolution and magnification Viruses 1. Why are virus acellular microbes? Obligate intracellular pathogen? 2. What are the sizes of virus? 3. What are the criteria used to classify virus? 4. Describe the three different shapes of viral particles. 5. What are bacteriophages? 6. Describe the possible arrangements of genetic material found in virus. 7. Differentiate between the host range and tropism for virus. What causes a virus to alter its host range or tropism? 8. Be able to draw and label viral structure. Describe each of their function. 9. Diagram and describe a virus life cycle. What does it mean by productive infection? latent infection? 10. What does an animal virus likely acquire its envelope? 11. Be able to name at least 3 viral diseases, their causative agents and how the virus can be spread. 12. What are some targets for antiviral drugs? 13. What is a viroid? Name the diseases they cause. 14. What is a prion? Name the diseases they cause. 15. Define the following: a. Viroid b. Prion c. Virus d. Bacteriophage e. Acellular f. Host range g. Tropism h. Mutation i. Capsid j. Capsomere k. Envelope l. Productive infection m. Latent infection
4 Bacteria 1. What are the characteristics used in bacterial classification? 2. Be able to label bacterial structures and describe their functions a. Nucleoid b. Chromosome c. Plasmid d. Cell wall e. Cell membrane f. Capsule g. Fimbriae h. Pili i. Flagellar j. endospore 3. Why do we stain bacteria for microscopic examination? What are the two basic types of dyes? 4. Describe how to prepare a specimen for staining? Why do we heat fix bacteria spear? 5. What are the different types of staining procedures? Give examples. 6. How does Gram stain differentiate bacteria? How many groups? 7. Compare and contrast the cell wall structures of Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. How do the differences contribute to pathogenicity of the bacteria in each group? 8. Describe the staining technique that is used to identify Mycobacterium sp.? 9. What are the three main cell morphologies of bacteria? 10. How do bacteria move around? Why? 11. How and why do bacteria stick together or to a surface? 12. What structure allows the transfer of genetic material between two bacteria? What is the process called? What specifically is this genetic material? 13. What are obligate intracellular pathogens? Give examples. 14. What is the smallest bacterium so far identified? 15. Describe characteristics of Archaebacteria. 16. What are photosynthetic bacteria? 17. How do bacteria reproduce? 18. Diagram and describe a bacterial growth curve. 19. Be able to calculate the number of bacterial cells using generation time. 20. What bacterial species are capable of endospore formation? Under what kind of circumstance does it occur? 21. Describe what it means by feast and famine 22. Describe a bacterial sporulation cycle? Describe characteristics of endospore. 23. Describe bacterial diseases and their etiological agents (e.g. reservoir, Gram reaction and cell morphology).
5 24. Define the following: a. Nucleoid b. Chromosome c. Plasmid d. Cell wall e. Cell membrane f. Capsule g. Fimbriae h. Pili i. Flagellar j. endospore k. peptidoglycan l. outer membrane m. teichoic acid n. heat fix o. obligate intracellular pathogens p. sporulation q. germination r. coccus (cocci) s. bacillus (bacilli) t. spirillum (spirilla) u. Strepto v. Staphly w. Acidic & basic dyes x. Simple stain y. Differential stain z. Special stain aa. Conjugation bb. Biofilm cc. Binary fission dd. Generation time ee. Colony Microbial transmission/ Epidemiology 1. Describe the relationship of host-microbial interaction 2. Describe the role of reservoirs in disease transmission. 3. Differentiate between transient microbes, normal microflora and opportunistic pathogens 4. List the human body sites where normal microbiota are found. 5. What are some common bacterial species found in the oral cavity? 6. Describe the benefits of normal microbiota 7. List the factors that can change the normal microflora 8. Describe the various mode of microbial transmission 9. List the common route of transmission. 10. Describe nosocomial infection. 11. Describe the common types of nosocomial infection and their relative frequency of occurrence 12. Name common microbes for nosocomial infection 13. Diagram and describe the chain of infection. Give examples of port of entry and port of exit 14. List precautions to take to break the chain of infection. 15. Know modes of infection: contact, vehicle, vector 16. Know stages of infection: incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence. 17. Define the following: a. Carrier b. Commensalisms c. Parasitism d. mutualism e. Fomite f. Transient microflora
6 g. Normal microflora (microbiota) h. Pathogens i. Opportunistic microbes j. Nosocomial infection k. Colonization l. Contamination m. Infection n. Disease o. Morbidity p. Mortality q. Etiology r. Koch s postulates s. Pathogenicity t. Virulence u. Zoonoses v. Epidemiology w. Pandemic x. Epidemic y. Dental Caries
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