Gaze Movement and Focal Points
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1 The Art and Science of Depiction Gaze Movement and Focal Points Fredo Durand MIT- Lab for Computer Science
2 Summary Visual field, highest precision in the fovea (~2 ) Contrast processing Different pathways Computational theory of vision Invariants Gaze Movement & Focal Points 2
3 Need for exploration We need to align the fovea with relevant features Gaze Movement & Focal Points 3
4 Plan Different eye movements Visual exploration Saliency Focal points, composition Gaze Movement & Focal Points 4
5 Eye movements Physiological nystagmus (involuntary) Saccade (scan visual field) Smooth pursuit (track moving objects) Vergence (depth adjustment) Vestibular (compensate head movement) Optokinetic (in moving environment) Gaze Movement & Focal Points 5
6 Physiological nystagmus Involuntary movement All the time Avoid stabilized images Because they disappear! Gaze Movement & Focal Points 6
7 Saccade Scan the visual field Can be controlled The most important for us Ballistic movement: 30 ms and up to 900 /s Fixation ~300ms Saccadic suppression No blur is experienced during movement Gaze Movement & Focal Points 7
8 Smooth Pursuit Track moving objects Smooth Constant feedback and readjustment Slower than saccades (max 100 /s) Acuity The image of the tracked object remains sharp Gaze Movement & Focal Points 8
9 Vergence Depends on object distance (depth cue) Less than 10 /s Gaze Movement & Focal Points 9
10 Other movements Vestibular compensate head movement Optokinetic in moving environment Gaze Movement & Focal Points 10
11 Saccadic exploration Reading: Javal, 1878 Images: Yarbus, 1965 Path Fixation time Gaze Movement & Focal Points 11
12 David Hockney s collages 1 photo= 1 gaze Distorted perspective because saliency Gaze Movement & Focal Points 12
13 David Hockney s collages Temporal too Gaze Movement & Focal Points 13
14 Gaze movement & cubism Picasso Portrait of Kuhnweiler Gaze Movement & Focal Points 14
15 Gaze movement & cubism George Bracque Le Portugais Gaze Movement & Focal Points 15
16 Gaze attraction Bottom-up (stimulus-driven) Contrast Color Patterns Top-bottom (High-level driven, potentially conscious) Semantic information, familiarity Human beings, eyes Task Personal context Gaze Movement & Focal Points 16
17 Computational model Itti et al. (Caltech) Bottom-up only Different channels (colors, edges) Multi-resolution Lateral inhibition Gaze Movement & Focal Points 17
18 Focal point Contrast Amount of details Image dynamics (lines) Semantics Gaze Movement & Focal Points 18
19 Creating focus: edge burning Gaze Movement & Focal Points 19
20 Focus Gaze Movement & Focal Points 20
21 Focus via spotlight Gaze Movement & Focal Points 21
22 Focus Arthus-Bertrand Gaze Movement & Focal Points 22
23 Focus via contrast Gaze Movement & Focal Points 23
24 Focus via contrast Tofoli Gaze Movement & Focal Points 24
25 Focus through contrast Rembrandt Gaze Movement & Focal Points 25
26 Focus through perspective Raphael, The School of Athens Gaze Movement & Focal Points 26
27 Foveal zone Eugene Delacroix Study for a portrait of Chopin Gaze Movement & Focal Points 27
28 Focus through make up Make-up: Aucoin Gaze Movement & Focal Points 28
29 Focus using detail and color A. M. Cassandrd, 1925 Gaze Movement & Focal Points 29
30 Focus on human Trevor Chamberlain Railway viaduct Human being Highlighted by closure Gaze Movement & Focal Points 30
31 Gaze and image cognition Similar to scientific method Make hypothesis (mental model of the scene) Perform experiments (gaze) Gaze Movement & Focal Points 31
32 Depends on task painting by Repin B: free C: economic level D: ages E: what were they doing F: remember cloth Gaze Movement & Focal Points 32
33 Depends on task? Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson Different tasks: A: Aesthetic B: Semantic Very similar paths Gaze Movement & Focal Points 33
34 Diversive vs. specific Different strategies (Berlyne 1971) Diversive exploration Hunt for new stimulation Dispersed Shorter fixation (<300ms) Specific exploration Seeks specific information Longer fixation (>400ms) Gaze Movement & Focal Points 34
35 Effect of training Compare naïve beholders with specialists Radiologists Art students, art historians Specialists more specific Naïve more diversive Gaze Movement & Focal Points 35
36 Fixation time & style Depends on style complexity Shorter fixation for more complex style Gaze Movement & Focal Points 36
37 Gaze & balance Altered painting Inverses strategy of naïve and specialists Gaze Movement & Focal Points 37
38 Number of focal point Dynamic of the image 1 region: imitates 1 foveation, striking Many regions: the gaze is transported, dynamism Path Gaze Movement & Focal Points 38
39 Focus: Color contrast Arthus-Bertrand Gaze Movement & Focal Points 39
40 Focus through contrast Rembrandt Gaze Movement & Focal Points 40
41 Two focal zones Robert Mapplethorpe Self-portrait, 1988 Gaze Movement & Focal Points 41
42 Focus through perspective Raphael, The School of Athens Gaze Movement & Focal Points 42
43 Focus: saliency + semantics Gaze Movement & Focal Points 43
44 Turner s Loire journey The gaze follows the journey Gaze Movement & Focal Points 44
45 Triple focus and subject gaze Robert Doisneau Les Gosses de la place Hebert Gaze Movement & Focal Points 45
46 Focal point and dynamics Abbas, 1978 Pop-out leads to uniform Perspective leads to top Gaze Movement & Focal Points 46
47 Focal point conflict Bottom-up is different from top down Makes image dynamic Gaze Movement & Focal Points 47
48 Advertisement and focal points Evolution of saliency Gaze Movement & Focal Points 48
49 The End Of part I Gaze Movement & Focal Points 49
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