Thermal Design Considerations for Medical Devices to Improve Patient Safety
|
|
- Hester Dixon
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Thermal Design Considerations for Medical Devices to Improve Patient Safety For Medical Design Briefs Nov issue By Michael Bucci Market Development Manager Thermacore Inc. While technological advancements continue to enable medical devices to become more capable and more compact, the use of advanced electronics has also created thermal management issues. Laser diodes, LEDs, transistors, transducers, electrodes, motors, and other advanced electronics increase heat loads in handheld surgical instruments, imaging machines, diagnostic equipment and many other medical devices. As a result, medical device manufacturers must meet strict standards to ensure that their devices do not unintentionally harm patients or care providers (in accordance with IEC 60601). In addition, thermal devices used to manage the temperature of patients must adhere to strict safety, reliability and temperature control requirements (IEC & ASTM F ). While designers of electronically intensive devices face the challenge of dissipating heat more effectively, they must also deal with a specific bioburden known as fouling. Biofouling occurs when pathogens are allowed to collect in a given area that is not disinfected and could expose humans to infection risks. A significant competitive advantage could be obtained by medical device OEMs that can offer devices that address both touch temperature and hygiene challenges. Hygienic design is especially important given recent efforts to reduce hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HAIs cost the healthcare system over 25 billion dollars in treatment per year. The CDC has recently sponsored programs to improve staff awareness and cleaning methods in healthcare facilities. Medicare is also incentivizing hospitals to take action by penalizing those with infection rates above the allowable limits. The improved cleaning regiments appear have been effective, since mortality rates in the U.S. 1
2 have dropped from 100,000 to 75,000 per year. However, it is also important to consider the design of medical equipment itself especially devices that use fans and heat sinks that can collect and distribute pathogens. Focusing on hygienic equipment design Devices employing fan cooled heat sinks can collect and transmit bacteria and viruses. HEPA filters are sometimes used to remove airborne pathogens that pass through heat sinks in medical devices. These filters are assumed to be impermeable to microbes since they have the ability to capture 99.97% of particles that are 0.3 microns in size. However, the manufactures of these types of filters make no claims for particles smaller than this, since their efficiencies are dependent on airflow velocity and pressure. These filters rely on diffusion to capture particles below 0.2 microns. Figure 1. Example of how a basic aluminum heat sink and filter with a high speed fan can spread microbes smaller than 0.3 µm. The effectiveness of most filter capture methods decreases as airflow velocity increases, especially for the diffusion capture method. In addition, as airflow velocity increases, airborne droplets that contain pathogens 2
3 break into smaller droplets and can even disagglomerate microbes that are bound together. This enables the pathogens to penetrate the filter and potentially infect people that are in proximity of the device. In the past, it was assumed that airborne transmission was limited to just a few feet. However recent studies have shown that airborne microbes can travel much further distances. Table: Some airborne, nosocomial pathogens that may be dispersed by cooling fans Fomite/Pathogen Type Airborne Trans Method Size (microns) Bordetella pertussis (Whooping Cough) Bacteria Yes droplet 0.25 Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Walking pneumonia) Bacteria Yes droplet 0.25 Chlamydia pneumoniae Bacteria Yes droplet 0.30 Coronavirus (SARS/MERS) Virus Yes Droplet or Dust 0.09 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Virus Yes droplet 0.05 Influenza (the flu) Virus Yes droplet 0.08 Rubeola (Measles) Virus Yes droplet 0.04 Understanding the role of thermal management technology in hygiene To dissipate heat from medical devices, medical device OEMs employ a variety of thermal management solutions that primarily fall into two categories: active and passive technologies. Most active cooling systems utilize forced air convection by incorporating fans that direct air through aluminum heat sinks. These components can function as fomites, surfaces that harbor viral and bacterial pathogens associated with HAIs. The airflow can eject these pathogens into the air and infect new patients, especially when these devices are moved from room to room. Unfortunately, many hospitals are still unaware of how fans within a device can contribute to HAIs. In contrast, passive thermal management solutions use technologies that can reduce infection vector potentials. By definition, passive components have no moving parts and do not require a power source. Optimized thermal management systems can reduce airflow requirements to improve filter efficiency, thus reducing the bioburden associated with pathogens that can pass through medical device cooling systems. Passive technologies include heat pipe assemblies and vapor chambers, as well as the use of Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (APG) components, which do not require fans or pumps. Passive heat spreaders quickly transfer heat from concentrated, high-heat flux (W/cm 2 ) sources inside the device to external heat sinks, remote liquid cooling lines or even to the outer wall of the enclosure. This isolates the interior of the device from the environment, eliminating the flow of air and microbes inside the device. The 3
4 external components can be easily cleaned with disinfectants or even with UV light systems to prevent biofouling. Heat sinks can also be composed of or plated with antimicrobial materials. Heat pipes transfer high heat loads in small spaces. The majority of heat pipes consist of metal tubes with sintered powder wicks that line the inner walls. A vacuum is pulled inside the vessel and a small amount of working fluid is inserted before it is sealed. As heat enters one or more points on the tube, the working fluid evaporates and the vapor quickly travels through the vacuum until it reaches a cooler region where it condenses into a liquid. The wick structure then transports the liquid back to the heat source and this phase change cycle continues perpetually. Thermacore has heat pipes that have been undergoing continuous life testing for over 45 years. Heat pipes can be designed to operate in a variety of temperature ranges, ranging from -265 C to 2,200 C. Heat pipes can be less than 2 mm in diameter, can be formed to fit in complex geometries, and can even be made flexible. They offer thermal conductivities that increase with length and are many orders of magnitude higher than solid copper. As a rule of thumb, designers should assume a minimum bend radius of three times the heat pipe diameter. Another design consideration is that heat pipes have an inactive region on one side that ranges from 4 mm to 12 mm depending on the diameter, material and manufacturer. This is created when the sealing operation fills in the vapor space in that area, leaving only solid conduction. It is usually best to position this inactive region on the heat sink side of the heat pipe, where there is usually more space available and the heat fluxes tend to be lower. Heat pipes are often used to spread heat across the base of heat sinks to make them more efficient, which reduces the amount of airflow required and can even eliminate the need for a fan by optimizing natural convection. 4
5 Figure 2. Example of how internal components can be isolated and cooled with external heat pipe heat sinks that enable natural convection. Vapor chambers are planar (flat) versions of heat pipes. Vapor chambers are evacuated vessels with a small amount of working fluid inside and a capillary wick structure that lines the internal surfaces. Vapor chambers provide excellent heat spreading capability in all directions and can dissipate high heat fluxes with rapid thermal cycling. Vapor chambers can be designed to be less than 1 mm thick. For some applications, they can be matched to the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of mating components to allow for direct-die-attach to electronics. These Thermal Ground Plane (TGP) vapor chambers eliminate the need for substrates, making them ideal for medical devices that require compact configurations. 5
6 Figure 3. Typical vapor chamber functionality. Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (APG) is an advanced solid conduction material that is ideal for medical applications. APG can be encapsulated with many different biocompatible materials. APG is lightweight 20% lighter than aluminum. It has high thermal conductivity up to 4x the thermal conductivity of copper and 6x the conductivity of copper at cryogenic temperatures. It enables a solid-state design that exhibits consistent performance, regardless of gravity, giving designers considerable flexibility in creating medical device solutions. As a category, passive thermal technologies that require less airflow give designers a number of advantages, which include: Lower noise levels. Smaller package sizes or weights. Reduced healthcare associated infection risks. Extended duty cycles and component lives. Improved isothermality levels to meet precise instrument requirements. 6
7 Figure 4. Heat pipe assembly with copper fins for handheld devices. Choosing the optimum thermal management solution that addresses both thermal and hygiene issues requires a detailed understanding of the capabilities and limitations of specific thermal management technologies. The advantages of passive thermal management solutions can help designers create devices that minimize the possibility of HAIs while providing the safety and reliability required in today's electronically intensive medical devices. 7
Vapor Chambers. Figure 1: Example of vapor chamber. Benefits of Using Vapor Chambers
Vapor Chambers A vapor chamber is a high-end thermal management device that can evenly dissipate heat from a small source to a large platform of area (see Figure 1). It has a similar construction and mechanism
More informationWelcome to the World of Aavid Heat Pipes
Welcome to the World of Aavid Heat Pipes As a pioneer in heat pipe technology and their application, Aavid Thermalloy has developed a high quality manufacturing process to ensure long life and reliability
More informationHeat Pipe Cooling of Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems
Heat Pipe Cooling of Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems William G. Anderson 1, Sanjida Tamanna 2, David B. Sarraf 3, and Peter M. Dussinger 4 Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc., Lancaster, PA, 17601
More informationHEPA-filtered Negative Air Machines and their Role in Creating Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms with the ECU AnteRoom. Frequently Asked Questions
HEPA-filtered Negative Air Machines and their Role in Creating Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms with the ECU AnteRoom Frequently Asked Questions What is a negative air machine and why do I need one?
More informationHeat Pipe Selection Revision 12/04/2001
Heat Pipe Selection Revision 12/04/2001 Heat pipes are being used very often in particular applications when conventional cooling methods are not suitable. Once the need for heat pipe arises, the most
More informationEnvironmental Monitoring
Chapter 10 Environmental Monitoring By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: l List the types of environmental testing l Name three types of checks that are carried out to ensure the isolator is
More informationEnabling Thermal Technologies Since 1970
For Immediate Release Enabling Thermal Technologies Since 1970 Thermacore Company Background Lancaster, PA - Thermacore was founded in 1970 to pursue the development and commercialization of heat pipe
More informationThe Effect of Forced Air Cooling on Heat Sink Thermal Ratings
zpero 1 The Effect of Forced Air Cooling on Heat Sink Thermal Ratings By Paul Bachman, Fellow Engineer & Ronnie Haiduk, Applications Engineer, Crydom, Inc. ABSTRACT A heat sink s ability to dissipate thermal
More informationVacuum. How It Relates to Refrigeration And Air Conditioning Service
Vacuum How It Relates to Refrigeration And Air Conditioning Service Moisture In A Refrigeration System Visible Moisture Water Droplets Uncommon, but it can occur Invisible Moisture Water Vapor Found in
More informationIl Peso del Thermal Management nei LED
Il Peso del Thermal Management nei LED Heat Pipe: high performance thermal solution Ing. Manca Claudio F.lli POLI S.r.l. Padova 10-12 Ottobre 2013 Titolo Intervento 1/N Heat pipes in the history The Heat
More informationEverline Module Application Note: Round LED Module Thermal Management
Everline Module Application Note: Round LED Module Thermal Management PURPOSE: Use of proper thermal management is a critical element of Light Emitting Diode (LED) system design. The LED temperature directly
More informationSelecting TEMA Type Heat Exchangers
Selecting TEMA Type Heat Exchangers TEMA is a set of standards developed by leading heat exchanger manufacturers that defines the heat exchanger style and the machining and assembly tolerances to be employed
More informationHeat Exchangers and System Level Cooling Products
Heat Exchangers and System Level Cooling Products www.thermacore.com HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR COOLING ELECTRONIC ENCLOSURES The trend toward greater miniaturization and compactness of electronic components
More informationThe Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering
Section 5: Reflow Oven Heat Transfer The Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering There are three different heating modes involved with most SMT reflow processes: conduction, convection, and infrared
More informationCONDENSATION IN REFRIDGERATED BUILDINGS
CONDENSATION IN REFRIDGERATED BUILDINGS By: Steve Salisbury Nov. 10, 2010 (revised Nov. 14, 2013) Introduction The following discussion reviews the basic causes of condensation in refrigerated buildings
More informationUsing Portable Spot Air Conditioners in Industrial Applications
Using Portable Spot Air Conditioners in Industrial Applications Cooling People, Processes and Equipment In today s highly competitive manufacturing sector, companies are constantly looking for new ways
More informationCCI HEAT PIPE DESIGN GUIDE
CCI HEAT PIPE DESIGN GUIDE Rev: D01 Prepared by:cci RD01 Heat Pipe Team Date:27. June. 2006 *Contents Feature descriptions & Geometry limitation Test methodology descriptions Screen Mesh Groove Sintering
More informationFEDSM2014-21213. Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement in Subcooled and Saturated Refrigerants in Minichannel Heat Sinks
Proceedings of the ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels FEDSM2014 August 3-7, 2014,
More informationGlossary of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Terms
Glossary of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Terms Air Change: Unlike re-circulated air, this is the total air required to completely replace the air in a room or building. Air Conditioner: Equipment
More informationSECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS
SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to explain the purpose of the condenser in a refrigeration system. describe differences
More informationEFFECT OF OBSTRUCTION NEAR FAN INLET ON FAN HEAT SINK PERFORMANCE
EFFECT OF OBSTRUCTION NEAR FAN INLET ON FAN HEAT SINK PERFORMANCE Vivek Khaire, Dr. Avijit Goswami Applied Thermal Technologies India 3rd Floor,C-Wing,Kapil Towers, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune- 411 1 Maharashtra,
More informationCPU COOLING OF DESKTOP COMPUTER BY PARALLEL MINIATURE HEAT PIPES
104 CPU COOLING OF DESKTOP COMPUTER BY PARALLEL MINIATURE HEAT PIPES Chowdhury Md. Feroz* and Ahmed Imtiaz Uddin Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
More informationElement D Services Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 OVERVIEW A. This section supplements Design Guideline Element D3041 on air handling distribution with specific criteria for projects involving design of a Data Center spaces B. Refer
More informationHialeah Nursing and Rehabilitation Center Combines Technology and Best Practices to Improve Infection Control Specific to C.diff
RESEARCH ARTICLE Page 1 of 5 Hialeah Nursing and Rehabilitation Center Combines Technology and Best Practices to Improve Infection Control Specific to C.diff ABSTRACT RB Health Partners, Inc., June 24,
More informationNew Trends in the Field of Automobile Air Conditioning
New Trends in the Field of Automobile Air Conditioning E. Janotkova and M. Pavelek Department of Thermomechanics and Environmental Engineering Brno University of Technology, 61669 Brno, Czech Republic
More informationTEMA DESIGNATIONS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS REMOVABLE BUNDLE EXCHANGERS NON REMOVABLE BUNDLE EXCHANGERS SOURCE: WWW.WERMAC.ORG/
TEMA DESIGNATIONS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS Because of the number of variations in mechanical designs for front and rear heads and shells, and for commercial reasons, TEMA has designated a system of notations
More informationThe Versatile Differential Pressure Transmitter. By David Gunn Honeywell Process Solutions
The Versatile Differential Pressure Transmitter By David Gunn Honeywell Process Solutions The Versatile Differential Pressure Transmitter 2 Table of Contents Abstract... 3 Pressure Fundamentals... 3 Applications...
More informationAre these noise cancelling devices needed to make your chiller quiet??
Are these noise cancelling devices needed to make your chiller quiet?? Not on this chiller! Some sound barriers should never be broken. Government authorities recommend that exposure to loud noise over
More informationENERGY CARRIERS AND CONVERSION SYSTEMS Vol. II - Liquid Hydrogen Storage - Takuji Hanada, Kunihiro Takahashi
LIQUIDHYDROGEN STORAGE Takuji Hanada Air Liquide Japan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Kunihiro Center for Supply Control and Disaster Management, Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Keywords: liquidhydrogen, insulation
More informationModular Glovebox Systems Gas Purifier Units Antechambers Accessories
Modular Glovebox Systems Gas Purifier Units Antechambers Accessories INERTGAS TECHNOLOGY Modular glovebox with screwed in flanged side panels Easy to extend or modify while keeping a flat work place Define
More informationSolid Organ Transplantation
Solid Organ Transplantation Infection Prevention And Control Transplant Atlantic 2011 October 13/2011 Kathy Hart Introduction In the past several years, the drugs that we use, the surgeries themselves,
More informationRefrigeration Installation 101
Refrigeration Installation 101 Hundreds of Installations Refrigerated Cases 2 Compressor Racks 3 Condensing Units 4 Walk-in Boxes 5 Some were done very well 6 Some had some issues... 7 8 Some seemingly
More informationHow Ground/Water Source Heat Pumps Work
How Ground/Water Source s Work Steve Kavanaugh, Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama Ground Source s (a.k.a. Geothermal s) are becoming more common as the costs of energy
More informationWhat is whooping cough. (pertussis)? Information and Prevention. Ocument dn
What is whooping cough Ocument dn (pertussis)? Information and Prevention IMPORTANT Pertussis (or whooping cough) is a highly contagious infection that can cause uncontrollable, violent coughing. If you
More information978-1-4673-1965-2/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE 1488
Generic Thermal Analysis for Phone and Tablet Systems Siva P. Gurrum, Darvin R. Edwards, Thomas Marchand-Golder, Jotaro Akiyama, Satoshi Yokoya, Jean-Francois Drouard, Franck Dahan Texas Instruments, Inc.,
More informationHeat Pipe, selection of working fluid
Heat Pipe, selection of working fluid Per Wallin Dept. of Energy Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden Abstract Heat pipes are common in many application fields
More informationMechanical Seal Piping Plans
Mechanical Seal Piping Plans Single Seals plans 01, 02, 03, 11, 13, 14, 21, 23, 31, 32, 41 Dual Seals plans 52, 53A, 53B, 53C, 54, 55 Quench Seals plans 62, 65A, 65B, 66A, 66B Gas Seals plans 72, 74, 75,
More informationNetShape - MIM. Metal Injection Molding Design Guide. NetShape Technologies - MIM Phone: 440-248-5456 31005 Solon Road FAX: 440-248-5807
Metal Injection Molding Design Guide NetShape Technologies - MIM Phone: 440-248-5456 31005 Solon Road FAX: 440-248-5807 Solon, OH 44139 solutions@netshapetech.com 1 Frequently Asked Questions Page What
More information5.2. Vaporizers - Types and Usage
5.2. Vaporizers - Types and Usage 5.2.1. General Vaporizers are constructed in numerous designs and operated in many modes. Depending upon the service application the design, construction, inspection,
More informationNational Competency Based Skill Training Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Mechanic Logbook
National Competency Based Skill Training Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Mechanic Logbook Trainee:... Training Provider:... Year:... Trainee Contact no:... Competency Based Skill Training Logbook Introduction
More informationChilled Water HVAC Systems
Chilled Water HVAC Systems By Ron Prager, Brinco Mechanical Services, Inc. Types of water based systems: There are three types of HVAC systems that utilize water as a heat transfer medium. The first system,
More informationCorrugated Tubular Heat Exchangers
Corrugated Tubular Heat Exchangers HEAT EXCHANGERS for the 21st CENTURY Corrugated Tubular Heat Exchangers (CTHE) Corrugated Tube Heat Exchangers are shell and tube heat exchangers which use corrugated
More informationCHAPTER 6 THERMAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. page. Introduction 6-2. Thermal resistance 6-2. Junction temperature 6-2. Factors affecting R th(j-a) 6-2
CHAPTER 6 THERMAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS page Introduction 6-2 Thermal resistance 6-2 Junction temperature 6-2 Factors affecting 6-2 Thermal resistance test methods 6-3 Test procedure 6-3 Forced air factors
More informationPrevention of Nosocomial Infections with KLEANIK Self - Disinfecting Drain Trap
Prevention of Nosocomial Infections with KLEANIK Self - Disinfecting Drain Trap The Drain Trap as a Source of Transmission of Pathogens Content of living micro-organisms organisms in sealing liquid of
More informationHEAT TRANSFER IM0245 3 LECTURE HOURS PER WEEK THERMODYNAMICS - IM0237 2014_1
COURSE CODE INTENSITY PRE-REQUISITE CO-REQUISITE CREDITS ACTUALIZATION DATE HEAT TRANSFER IM05 LECTURE HOURS PER WEEK 8 HOURS CLASSROOM ON 6 WEEKS, HOURS LABORATORY, HOURS OF INDEPENDENT WORK THERMODYNAMICS
More informationCold Room & Refrigeration System (Casserole Assembly) No of units: 1
Technical Specifications Cold Room & Refrigeration System (Casserole Assembly) No of units: 1 For chiller storage of all sorts of items Chiller storage temperature: 2-5 C Provides excellent thermal efficiency
More informationRadial-axial Radial mixing is based on the premise that the fluids to be mixed enter the mixer in the correct proportions simultaneously
Brochure E-0501 1 Introduction. Static mixers are used for a wide range of applications including mixing, heat exchange and dispersion, due to numerous unique innovations our products are especially suitable
More informationInstallation, operation and maintenance manual TX 35A
Installation, operation and maintenance manual TX 35A Rev.10 may 2012 Page 1 of 18 1.0.0 Table of contents INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL...1 1.0.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS...2 2.0.0 ILLUSTRATIONS...2
More information16. Heat Pipes in Electronics Cooling (2)
16. Heat Pipes in Electronics Cooling (2) 16.1 Pulsating Heat Pipes 16.1.1Introduction Conventional heat pipe technology has been successfully applied in the last thirty years for the thermal management
More informationHow To Understand Evaporator
SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 21 EVAPORATORS AND THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Define high-, medium-, and low-temperature refrigeration.
More informationInfection Control in the Dental Practice through Proper Sterilization
Midmark Corporation 60 Vista Drive P.O. Box 286 Versailles, Ohio 45380-0286 937-526-3662 midmark.com Infection Control in the Dental Practice through Proper Sterilization In today's world, the need for
More informationUnder sill units. Type FSL-B-ZAS
.1 X X testregistrierung Under sill units Type, heat recovery Centrifugal fan Adaptive heat recovery damper HYGIENISCH GETESTET V DI 022 Tested to VDI 022 Secondary air unit for supply air and extract
More informationHygiene Standards for all Food Businesses
Hygiene Standards for all Food Businesses Food hygiene laws are not simply a list of rules. They are intended to let food business operators assess the risks to food safety in their business and apply
More informationInformation on Measles and Whooping Cough: Vaccination and Disease
Information on Measles and Whooping Cough: Vaccination and Disease Vaccine s Mechanism of Action Vaccines expose the recipient to a small amount of an weakened organism. Through this exposure, the body
More informationSECTION 23 81 03 - PACKAGED ROOFTOP AIR CONDITIONING UNITS NON-CUSTOM
SECTION 23 81 03 - PACKAGED ROOFTOP AIR CONDITIONING UNITS NON-CUSTOM PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY A. Section Includes: 1. Packaged rooftop air conditioning unit (5 tons and smaller). 2. Roof curb. 1.2
More informationBacteria vs. Virus: What s the Difference? Grade 11-12
Bacteria vs. Virus: What s the Difference? Grade 11-12 Subject: Biology Topic: Bacteria, viruses, and the differences between them. The role that water plays in spreading bacteria and viruses, and the
More informationTwo-Phase Evaporative Precision Cooling Systems
Two-Phase Evaporative Precision Cooling Systems For heat loads from 3 to 300kW Using non-conductive refrigerant fluid, our patented Next-generation, two-phase evaporative precision cooling systems enable
More informationThermal insulation. Don t be afraid of low temperatures. www.kit.edu. Institute for Technical Physics Holger Neumann
Thermal insulation Institute for Technical Physics Holger Neumann Don t be afraid of low temperatures www.kit.edu Content Relevance of thermal insulation in cryogenics Overview of different insulation
More informationEvery mathematician knows it is impossible to understand an elementary course in thermodynamics. ~V.I. Arnold
Every mathematician knows it is impossible to understand an elementary course in thermodynamics. ~V.I. Arnold Radiation Radiation: Heat energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves Q t = εσat 4 emissivity
More informationRusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX
Refrigeration 101 Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX Compressor Basic Refrigeration Cycle Evaporator Condenser / Receiver Expansion Device Vapor Compression Cycle Cooling by the removal of heat
More informationsolarplus solar systems general features
SOLARPLUS solar systems solarplus Applications: expansion vessels for solar systems Zilmet, an internationally operating company with over 50 years of experience has grown to be the biggest European producer
More informationExcerpt Direct Bonded Copper
xcerpt irect Bonded Copper Presented by ouglas C. Hopkins, Ph.. 312 Bonner Hall University at Buffalo Buffalo, Y 14620-1900 607-729-9949, fax: 607-729-7129 Authors thank Curamik lectronics A member of
More informationHeat Transport Study of the Laminar Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2012, 3, 348-354 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sgre.2012.34046 Published Online November 2012 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/sgre) Heat Transport Study of the Laminar Heat Pipe
More informationContents and Nomenclature
DX Coils Contents and Nomenclature Nomenclature... 1 Evaporator Coil Types EN... 2 EF... 2 ER... 2 EJ... 3 EK... 3 Evaporator Construction Connections... 4 Tubing... 4 Headers... 5 Tube Supports... 5 Coil
More informationFume Extraction: Guide to Safely Managing Solder Fumes in the Workplace
Fume Extraction: Guide to Safely Managing Solder Fumes in the Workplace Our thanks to OK International for allowing us to reprint the following. Why do we need fume extraction? Today s Electronics workplace
More informationBasic Properties and Application Examples of PGS Graphite Sheet
Basic Properties and Application Examples of 1. Basic properties of Graphite sheet 2. Functions of Graphite sheet 3. Application Examples Presentation [Sales Liaison] Panasonic Electronic Devices Co.,
More informationHow do single crystals differ from polycrystalline samples? Why would one go to the effort of growing a single crystal?
Crystal Growth How do single crystals differ from polycrystalline samples? Single crystal specimens maintain translational symmetry over macroscopic distances (crystal dimensions are typically 0.1 mm 10
More informationThermal Simulation of a Power Electronics Cold Plate with a Parametric Design Study
EVS28 KINTEX, Korea, May 3-6, 2015 Thermal Simulation of a Power Electronics Cold Plate with a Parametric Design Study Boris Marovic Mentor Graphics (Deutschland) GmbH, Germany, boris_marovic@mentor.com
More informationVITOSOL r 200-T SP2A. VITOSOL 200-T Type SP2A
Technical Data Manual Model Nos. and pricing: see Price List Vacuum tube collector based on the heat pipe principle For the utilisation of solar energy VITOSOL r 200-T SP2A Product may not be exactly as
More informationHow To Design A 3D Print In Metal
DMLS / SLM Metal 3D Printing. An introductory design guide for our 3d printing in metal service. v2.2-8th July 2015 Pricing considerations. Part Volume. One of the biggest factors in the price for DMLS
More informationPeltier Application Note
Peltier Application Note Early 19th century scientists, Thomas Seebeck and Jean Peltier, first discovered the phenomena that are the basis for today s thermoelectric industry. Seebeck found that if you
More informationLecture 7 Heat Transfer & Thermal Insulation. J. G. Weisend II
Lecture 7 Heat Transfer & Thermal Insulation J. G. Weisend II Goals Introduce conduction, convection & radiation heat transfer as they apply to cryogenics Describe design techniques to reduce heat transfer
More informationDSRQ - DSRSQ - DSRSQ-THERM
DSRQ - DSRSQ - DSRSQ-THERM Specification item: Variable geometry diffuser on 597x597 mm panel developed for rooms with high ceilings where a long throw and a high induction ratio are required. Made up
More informationECOCIAT. Domestic hot water heat recovery unit
Heat recovery unit Domestic hot water High energy efficiency with R410A Compact and quiet Scroll compressors Brazed-plate heat exchangers Heating Heat recovery ENVIRONMENTALLY HFC R410A PROTECTION DE FRIENDLY
More informationGE Oil & Gas. Air Cooled Heat Exchangers. Robust and reliable for all loads and applications
GE Oil & Gas Air Cooled Heat Exchangers Robust and reliable for all loads and applications What it is Air cooled heat exchangers are commonly used in industrial applications where a reliable source of
More informationLaboratory & Scientific Line. Bulk Steam Sterilizers. Since
Laboratory & Scientific Line Bulk Steam Sterilizers Since 1925 Bulk Steam Sterilizers for Laboratory & Scientific Applications The Tuttnauer line of bulk autoclaves are designed to handle the most critical
More informationSECTION 23 01 30.51 HVAC AIR-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CLEANING
SECTION 23 01 30.51 HVAC AIR-DISTRIBUTION PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY A. Section includes cleaning of interior surfaces of HVAC equipment. The HVAC equipment cleaning work includes the following: 1. Air
More informationMolds and mildew are fungi that grow
Appendix C: Moisture, Mold and Mildew Molds and mildew are fungi that grow on the surfaces of objects, within pores, and in deteriorated materials. They can cause discoloration and odor problems, deteriorate
More informationEvaluation Of Hybrid Air- Cooled Flash/Binary Power Cycle
INL/CON-05-00740 PREPRINT Evaluation Of Hybrid Air- Cooled Flash/Binary Power Cycle Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting Greg Mines October 2005 This is a preprint of a paper intended for publication
More informationElectrostatic Printing Assist
Advancements in ESA in Rotogravure By Joseph K. Steingraeber Electrostatic Printing Assist (ESA) has contributed more to improve the quality of rotogravure printing than any other innovation. ESA systems
More informationTHERMAL ANALYSIS. Overview
W H I T E P A P E R THERMAL ANALYSIS Overview In this white paper we define and then outline the concept of thermal analysis as it relates to product design. We discuss the principles of conduction, convection,
More informationIntegration of a 400W ac dc power supply into a closed system relying only on natural convection cooling
Integration of a 400W ac dc power supply into a closed system relying only on natural convection cooling How potting an electronic assembly simplifies the thermal management in harsh working conditions
More informationModule 1 : Conduction. Lecture 5 : 1D conduction example problems. 2D conduction
Module 1 : Conduction Lecture 5 : 1D conduction example problems. 2D conduction Objectives In this class: An example of optimization for insulation thickness is solved. The 1D conduction is considered
More informationHarness Your Energy NOW AVAILABLE! the new. ASW-58A-22/30 Solar Thermal Collector
NOW AVAILABLE! the new ASW-58A-22/30 Solar Thermal Collector The ASW-58A-22/30 series of collectors are available in 22 and 30 tube units. Other sizes are available upon request. Each unit comes complete.
More informationRotary screw compressors kw 5,5 7,5 11 15 18,5 22 30 bar 8 10 13 15 MODULO
Rotary screw compressors kw 5,5 7,5 11 15 18,5 22 30 bar 8 10 13 15 MODULO The sum of technology TriAB Air ends The BALMA screw compressors are fitted with the unique TriAB air ends that are designed and
More informationTHE PSEUDO SINGLE ROW RADIATOR DESIGN
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 146-153, Article ID: IJMET_07_01_015 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=7&itype=1
More informationData Bulletin. Mounting Variable Frequency Drives in Electrical Enclosures Thermal Concerns OVERVIEW WHY VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES THERMAL MANAGEMENT?
Data Bulletin April 2001 Raleigh, NC, USA Mounting Variable Frequency Drives in Electrical Enclosures Thermal Concerns OVERVIEW Variable frequency drives are available from manufacturers as enclosed engineered
More informationSanitize. Seconds. Infection Control Begins at the Entry Level
Sanitize in Seconds Infection Control Begins at the Entry Level Infection Control Begins at the Entry Level Now there s an alternative to conventional keyboards Computer keyboards are everywhere in healthcare
More informationCondensing Boiler Efficiency
Condensing Boiler Efficiency Date: July 17, 2012 PRES E NT ED BY DO N L E O NA RDI LE O N A RD I I NC. HV AC T RAI N I N G & C ON SU LT IN G Concepts 1 The current state of evolution in boiler design 2
More informationPump Specifications 405 Series Commercial Drain Pump (High-Temp) 2 Solids handling
Pump Specifications 405 Series Commercial Drain Pump (High-Temp) 2 Solids handling 405_P1 R1/27/2012 Copyright 2012 Liberty Pumps Inc. All rights reserved. Specifications subject to change without notice.
More informationHUMIDIFICATION SYSTEMS: A COST AND EFFICIENCY COMPARISON
HUMIDIFICATION SYSTEMS: A COST AND EFFICIENCY COMPARISON The requirements of modern industrial processes, as well as more stringent indoor air quality (IAQ) standards, have resulted in an increased demand
More informationCoolTop. A unique water cooled air-conditioning unit for server room cooling from the top AC-TOPx-CW-240/60
CoolTop A unique water cooled air-conditioning unit for server room cooling from the top AC-TOPx-CW-240/60 Application CoolTop is a new, unique air conditioning unit especially designed for datacenters.
More informationUnderstanding Shaft Alignment: Thermal Growth. Published in Maintenance Technology 1/2003
Understanding Shaft Alignment: Thermal Growth Published in Maintenance Technology 1/2003 Part two of a four-part series that will cover alignment fundamentals and thermal growth, and highlight the importance
More informationCONTENTS. 1 cooling technology white paper
Using Surface Coatings to Extend LIfe and ImprovE Performance in industrial air conditioners CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Type of Corrosions 2.1 Galvanic Corrosion 2.2 General Corrosion 2.3 Formicary Corrosion
More informationNatural Convection. Buoyancy force
Natural Convection In natural convection, the fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy. Since the fluid velocity associated with natural convection is relatively low, the heat transfer coefficient
More informationDetailed Design Review. P15611: Digital Microfluidics Packaging
Detailed Design Review P15611: Digital Microfluidics Packaging Presentation Summary - 1 Requirements/Test Plan Risk Assessment Individual Solutions System and Drawings Bill of Materials Schedule Questions/Discussion
More informationEXTRUDED HEAT SINKS FOR POWER SEMICONDUCTORS
WTS001_p26-49 6/14/07 10:56 AM Page 45 EXTRUDED HEAT SINS FOR POWER S 621/623 SERIES Low-Profile for All Metal-Case Power Semiconductors TO-3 Footprint Thermal Performance at Typical Load Standard Dimensions
More informationName: Class: Date: 10. Some substances, when exposed to visible light, absorb more energy as heat than other substances absorb.
Name: Class: Date: ID: A PS Chapter 13 Review Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. In all cooling
More informationStandex-Meder Electronics. Custom Engineered Solutions for Tomorrow
Standex-Meder Electronics Custom Engineered Solutions for Tomorrow Reed Switch Technology Product Training Copyright 2013 Standex-Meder Electronics. All rights reserved. Introduction Purpose Discover Standex-Meder
More informationTube Control Measurement, Sorting Modular System for Glass Tube
Tube Control Measurement, Sorting Modular System for Glass Tube Tube Control is a modular designed system of settled instruments and modules. It comprises measuring instruments for the tube dimensions,
More information