Principles of Evolution
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1 Principles of Evolution
2 Principles of Evolution -The Origin of Life Creation v. Biology Creationists each species was divinely created by a superior being theory is outside the scope of science since it is impossible to test Biologists process by which biomolecules, subcellular structures and living cells have come into existence primitive cell then evolved
3 Principles of Evolution -The Origin of Life Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation) living organisms from non-living material example: spoiled meat produces maggots Biogenesis 'life from life' species give rise only to similar forms derived from parents that are similar
4 Principles of Evolution -The Origin of Life = 500 million years ago Earliest animals Earliest eukaryotes Billions of years ago Accumulation of atmosphere 0 2 from photosynthetic cyanobacteria Diversification of prokaryotes Earliest prokaryotes Origin of life? Formation of Earth
5 Principles of Evolution -The Origin of Life Chemical evolution (synthesis of reactions) starts with gaseous raw materials from Earth's early atmosphere synthesized in the oceans
6 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) STEP 1: Abiotic synthesis of monomers (simple molecules) H H 2 (hydrogen gas) C Energy H 2 O (water) O CH 4 (methane) N NH 3 (ammonia) C0 2 (carbon dioxide gas) CH 4 H 2 0 amino acids / nitrogen bases NH 3 Miller / Urey (1953): H 2, NH 3, CH 4, water vapor electrical spark amino acids
7 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) STEP 2: Abiotic synthesis of polymers (more complex molecules) occurring in sand pockets along the shore evaporation of water (ingredients become concentrated) sugars + sugars ---> polysaccharides fatty acids + glycerin ---> fats amino acids + amino acids ---> proteins nitrogen bases + sugars + phosphates ---> nucleotides nucleotides + nucleotides ---> nucleic acids --> after this origin of the first living units, they were washed out to sea where further evolution occurred
8 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) STEP 3: Self-replicating molecules life is partially defined by inheritance (obtaining characteristics by transfer of genetic material) now occurs with DNA (primitive method previously existed) the first genes were short strands of RNA that replicated without the existence of enzymes (RNA genes)
9 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) STEP 4: Formation of Pre-cells packaging of these materials and molecules into membrane-bound pre-cells (not cells) Coacervates v. Proteinoids
10 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) Coacervate Theory - "Hot Thin Soup" formation of mixed colloidal units called coacervates colloids can be a protein, lipid, or nucleic acid R groups (phobic) Ionic groups (phylic) although not living, molecules behave like biological systems coacervates reproduce by fragmentation take a long time to evolve
11 "Dry Heat Theory" Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) polymerization of amino acids under hypohydrous conditions and very high temperatures (180 0 C) to form proteinoids (straight chain proteins) CH 4, NH 3, water vapor > 14 amino acids proteinoids aggregate to form microspheres displaying some characteristics of life - cell membrane is selective permeable - easily formed, trapping chemicals - stable - enzymatic properties short time to evolve
12 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) Primitive atmosphere: Chemical Evolution atoms / gases energy polymerization Coacervates Proteinoids Biological FIRST CELL Evolution Prokaryotes
13 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) Biological Evolution FIRST CELL Prokaryotic Cells Nutrition: Monera (bacteria / archea) chemo/photo autotrophs Virus and hetereotrophs * Endosymbiont Theory * Eukaryotic Cells
14 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Eukaryotic Cells No true nucleus Prokaryotes Single chromosome made up of nucleic acid Cell organelles absent If present, chlorophyll not in chloroplasts Flagella lack structure Cell division by binary fission Eukaryotes Nucleus with nuclear membrane Several chromosomes with nucleic acid complexed with protein Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria present If present, chlorophyll in chloroplasts Flagella with structure Cell division by mitosis and meiosis Question: How did the membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes form?
15 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells evolved through a combination of two processes: FIRST: prokaryotic plasma membrane formed inward folds --> creating a endomembrane system
16 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Eukaryotic Cells SECOND: endosymbiosis generated mitochondria and chloroplasts (one species living inside of another) mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from small symbiotic prokaryotes aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote --> mitochondria photosynthetic prokaryote --> chloroplast
17 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) Biological Eukaryotic Cells Evolution Protists (protozoans/slime molds/ unicellular algae) Evolution / Time --> sexual reproduction natural --> mutations selection Nutrition: parasitism saprophytism holophytism chemosynthesis photosynthesis
18 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) Biological Evolution Eukaryotic Cells Oxygen revolution: methane --> C ammonia --> N oxygen --> 0 3 (ozone) metals --> ores, rocks organisms --> aerobic respiration Multicellular organisms
19 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) Summary: Evolution of Eukaryotes 1. cell membrane encapsulates genetic DNA... development of nucleus - internalized genome 2. loss of a rigid cell wall... cells developed ability of phagocytosis - engulfing foods... allows clumping of cells --> multicellularity --> tissues 3. evolve a selectively permeable membrane... protection, gas & nutrients exchange with environment
20 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) 4. evolve a cytoskeleton... provides framework - cell growth, movement, & metabolism 5. evolve aerobic respiration... more efficient energy transformation 6. develop various organelles (endosymbiosis)... a sub-cell part specific for a metabolic function The evolution of eukaryotes was the single most important step in evolution of multicellular life forms & was a key step that lead to plant & animal life.
21 Principles of Evolution - Origin of Life (Hypothesis) Biological Evolution Multicellular organisms cellularization colony forms algae slime mold Natural selection Sexual Mutations Origin of Species
22 Principles of Evolution - Exobiology Exobiology the study of life beyond Earth
23 Principles of Evolution - Exobiology Finding life elsewhere. Life as we know it certain type of chemistry (carbon atoms, liquid water) requires a certain range of temperatures it alters its own environment in certain characteristic ways Life as we don t know it based on unknown chemistry (silicon atoms?) lives under unknown conditions leaves an unknown mark on the world around it
24 Principles of Evolution - Exobiology How can we search for something like that? Learning about new life on our own planet black smokers - cracks in the seafloor from which ultra-hot water and volcanic gases vent survival independent from the surface (no light source) > 100 o C water temperatures surrounded by living creatures (tube worms, sightless fish, blind crabs)
25 Principles of Evolution - Exobiology Finding life elsewhere. animals survive on bacteria that thrive off the super-heated materials chemosynthetic (converting chemicals into useful energy) extremophiles - bacteria that thrive on extremely hot, high-pressure conditions conventionally defined habitable zone (surface-dwelling, photosynthetic organisms) a lot more places where life might be happening
26 Principles of Evolution - Exobiology Finding life elsewhere. Mars Europa... Enceladus
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