French Revolution and Napoleon European History

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "French Revolution and Napoleon European History"

Allan Cook
7 years ago
Views:

1 French Revolution and Napoleon European History A. The French Revolution and Napoleon, a. The French Revolution establishes a, Napoleon Bonaparte gains and loses an empire, and. Section 1 b. The French Revolution Begins i. Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime help cause the French Revolution. B. The Old Order a. The Old Regime i. Old Regime ii. Estates b. The Privileged Estates i. Catholic clergy own 10 percent land, pay few taxes ii. rich nobles 2 percent population, own 20 percent land c. The Third Estate i. ii. Have few privileges, pay heavy taxes, want change French Revolution and Napoleon Page 1

2 C. The Forces of Change a. Enlightenment Ideas i. b. Economic Troubles i. ii. King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette known for extravagance iii. c. A Weak Leader i. Louis s poor decisions and lack of patience add to France s problems ii. D. Dawn of the Revolution a. The National Assembly i. ii. Sieyès persuades them to make major changes in French government iii. iv. Tennis Court Oath b. Storming the Bastille i. Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants to suppress National Assembly ii. French Revolution and Napoleon Page 2

3 E. A Great Fear Sweeps France a. Rebellion i. Rumors and panic spread throughout France ii. Great Fear iii. iv. In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over rising price of bread v. They demand action, forcing Louis to return from Versailles to Paris Section 2 b. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror i. F. The Assembly Reforms France a. The Rights of Man i. ii. Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity b. A State-Controlled Church i. ii. This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics c. Louis Tries to Escape i. Louis, worried about his future, attempts to escape France French Revolution and Napoleon Page 3

4 ii. G. Divisions Develop a. A Limited Monarchy i. In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution ii. b. Factions Split France i. ii. Assembly split into Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives iii. Émigrés iv. Sans-culottes H. War and Execution a. Problems with Other Countries i. b. France at War i. Prussian forces soon threaten to attack Paris ii. Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards iii. Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000, including many who support king iv. v. French Revolution and Napoleon Page 4

5 c. Jacobins Take Control i. Jacobins ii. After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of iii. d. The War Continues i. French army wins great victory against Prussians and Austrians ii. iii. National Convention orders draft of 300,000 to reinforce army I. The Terror Grips France a. Divided Country i. Not all people in France support all changes of the Revolution b. Robespierre Assumes Control i. Maximilien Robespierre ii. Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, iii. Reign of Terror iv. Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette v. 85 percent of those who die during the Terror are French Revolution and Napoleon Page 5

6 J. End of the Terror a. Another Change in Government i. In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed ii. Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals iii. Moderate leaders write new constitution iv. v. Section 3 b. Napoleon Forges an Empire i. Napoleon Bonaparte, a military genius, seizes power in France and makes himself emperor. K. Napoleon Seizes Power a. Early Life i. Napoleon Bonaparte b. Hero of the Hour i. ii. Napoleon wins stunning victories in Italy, gaining popularity iii. News of his defeats in Egypt is suppressed c. Coup d État i. ii. Napoleon defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces against him French Revolution and Napoleon Page 6

7 L. Napoleon Rules France a. Vote of Approval i. b. Restoring Order at Home i. ii. Establishes government-run public schools to train officials iii. iv. Creates Napoleonic Code c. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor i. In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France M. Napoleon Creates an Empire a. Loss of American Territories i. In 1801, Napoleon attempts to retake colony of Saint Domingue but fails ii. iii. b. Conquering Europe i. Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden join forces against Napoleon ii. Napoleon crushes enemy forces in several brilliant battles French Revolution and Napoleon Page 7

8 iii. Napoleon forces Austria, Russia, Sweden to sign peace treaties c. The Battle of Trafalgar i. In 1805, British win Battle of Trafalgar ii. This defeat forces Napoleon to give up plan of invading Britain iii. Looks for another way to control Britain d. The French Empire i. Napoleon controls Europe except for Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Ottomans ii. iii. French Empire reaches largest extent from 1807 to 1812 Section 4 e. Napoleon s Empire Collapses i. Napoleon s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall. N. Napoleon s Costly Mistakes a. The Continental System i. ii. Continental System iii. Smugglers and uncooperative allies make France s blockade fail iv. Britain responds with blockade of its own, led by its stronger navy French Revolution and Napoleon Page 8

9 v. Americans fight Britain in War of 1812; war does no major damage to Britain b. The Peninsular War i. Napoleon sends troops across Spain to attack Portugal, causing protest ii. iii. Spanish fight as guerrillas iv. British aid Spanish guerrillas v. Napoleon loses 300,000 soldiers during this Peninsular War vi. Nationalist rebels fight the French in other conquered territories c. The Invasion of Russia i. ii. In June 1812, Napoleon s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men iii. Russians use scorched-earth policy iv. In September 1812, Russians retreat from Moscow after Battle of Borodino v. Napoleon finds Moscow abandoned and burning vi. O. Napoleon s Downfall a. Napoleon Suffers Defeat i. Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon French Revolution and Napoleon Page 9

10 ii. Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick defeat by allied powers iii. b. The Hundred Days i. Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown and ii. Waterloo iii. This defeat ends Hundred Days Napoleon s last attempt at power Section 5 c. The Congress of Vienna i. P. Metternich s Plan for Europe a. A Meeting of Nations i. Congress of Vienna b. Metternich and the Great Powers i. Klemens von Metternich foreign minister of Austria, influential at Congress ii. c. The Containment of France i. Kingdom of the Netherlands formed, and ii. Austria dominates new German Confederation of 39 German states French Revolution and Napoleon Page 10

11 iii. Kingdom of Sardinia is strengthened by adding Genoa d. Balance of Power i. e. Legitimacy i. Legitimacy ii. Leaders hope to restore order through these changes iii. Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all European governments together iv. Fair deals are worked out so that the meeting does not lead to more war v. Q. Political Changes Beyond Vienna a. Conservative Europe i. Holy Alliance ii. Concert of Europe European nations pledge to help fight revolutions iii. Conservative governments rule across Europe, but new ideas have impact b. Revolutions in Latin America i. ii. Many former colonies of Spain and Portugal gain independence c. Long-Term Legacy i. French Revolution and Napoleon Page 11

Napoleonic France, 1799 1815. Napoleon Bonaparte as a young Officer

Napoleonic France, 1799 1815. Napoleon Bonaparte as a young Officer Napoleonic France, 1799 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte as a young Officer 1 2 1796 Napoleon crossed the Alps & drove the Austrians out of Northern Italy. He then turned N. Italy into the Cisalpine Republic and