Data Transmission for Major Sporting Events on MPEG-2
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1 Data Transmission for Major Sporting Events on MPEG-2 Jesús Martínez Barbero Eugenio Santos Menéndez Abraham Gutierrez Rodríguez ABSTRACT During sporting events, such as the Olympic Games, in which a lot of stadiums are involved and generate different types of video signals, it is important the generation, distribution and integration of results in every sporting event. The data obtained in the sports stadium are used to generate the graphics attached to the signal distribution. Another additional data are used to provide information to the sports commentators or those responsible for broadcasting the programs which use either cyclically monitors or small interactive applications to show the results. The data are distributed securely across networks using any type of data protection and backup links shared by other applications and by means of different routes to the video signals networks. On the other hand, the video material is transmitted over reliable networks with low error rates and high transmission capacity. This paper deals with the use of the infrastructure needed for the contribution of video signals between the various stadiums and the broadcasters headquarters for the contribution of data processing at headquarters, distribution to users and the eventual benefits of using data linked to the video. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.5 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: Group and Organization Interfaces - Organizational design. General Terms Management, Documentation, Design, Economics, Reliability, Theory. Keywords DVB; MPEG2-TS, Digital Television, Unidirectional, Cable T, Broadband Communications, Multicast, content management, content delivery, content distribution. 1. INTRODUCTION For any sporting event, particularly Olympic Games, the data concerning records obtained by each athlete is very important for the generation of graphics within the stadium, for the "in situ" sports commentator and even for the chief editor of the program who can make decisions on where to go to the event, depending on the scores made to make a transmission on a "semi-direct" to their viewers. Transferring data from an operational center to the headquarters, is usually performed through data networks with redundancy to address possible shortcomings in the connection. These networks share bandwidth and infrastructure with other office applications. The contribution of the video signal from the stadiums is usually in the form of a star connection to a common center called the International Broadcast Center (IBC), where the various televisions work. They develop their programs to be transmitted live or deferred depending on the country TV programming. Figure 1. Star net video contribution. In Figure 1 shows the type of connection between the production sites and the headquarters or IBC. The video transmission rate can range between 30 and 50 Mbps in order to avoid losing the lowest possible quality of the image in the video transmission. Therefore, the
2 accumulation of noise in different processes is avoided. For this reason, the links are usually fiber to achieve a low signal/noise ratio and high reliability in terms of loss of signal or fainting. The distribution of the signal within the IBC is through parent (switch) with remote panels in different televisions that select the event to be recorded. The data are distributed through a data network and users can access it through interactive applications. 1.1 MPEG 2 Transport Stream Despite the different encoding formats that have appeared on the market, the most accepted video transmission format for the contribution, distribution and broadcasting of professional quality video signals remains the standard MPEG2 [1]. Figure 2. Multiplexing of a program on a transport stream. In this standard two types of formats are specified, i.e. the transport stream and the program stream. The first is used for transmission because of its greater robustness concerning noises in the channel and the second is used for production in environments with low error rates. The various errors that may occur during transmission of the transport stream are corrected at reception so as to minimize the effects that may occur in the image. Multiple jobs and methods have been developed for this purpose. Figure 3. N programs multiplexed on a transport stream. A program consists of several types of data (video, audio, data) which are encapsulated into elementary streams (ES) and multiplexed into a data stream. Each of these elementary streams is packaged into packets PES (packetized elementary stream). In order to keep synchronization between the audio and video data, time stamps are inserted for a correct decoding and displaying of images and sound.
3 In figure 2 shows the multiplexing of a video signal, audio signal and other data associated with a program stream. In each program stream multiple video, audio or data channels may be associated. The speed of the elementary stream may vary depending on the quality required for the images. To contribute to a central location, the speed can vary from 8 to 50 Mbps. The nature of the images and the transmission purposes will determine the selected quality. To broadcast the signal 2.5 to 7 Mbps is generally used. For monitoring distribution channels, either DVB or VoIP, the channels can be compressed to higher rates (eg. of 4 to 8 Mbps) and several programs can be multiplexed as a single transport stream as shown in Figure 3. In either case, previous data is accessible from the transport stream which is, thus, generated at the source with the application of inverse operations from the transport stream as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. Obtaining the components of a program. 1.2 File transfer As shown in Figure (1), in order to link video between two points, data links are often used unidirectionally to transmit the charge transport stream. The corresponding demultiplexer is installed at the reception. To transfer over unidirectional links, there are various file transfer protocols based on retransmission patterns of the same file. The Reliable Multicast Transport (RMT) IETF Working Group deals with standardizing reliable multicast one to many transport protocols. In [2], a study discusses three types of transfer protocols that can be used in unidirectional networks. The Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) [3] does not require any feedback from the receivers and the data are encoded using FEC codes. Repetitions of the symbols shipment guarantee the integrity of the file at the expense of effective bandwidth loss. The Nack Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) [4] retransmits only the damaged parts from one of the receptors that send signals of Negative Acknowledgments (NACK) over damaged blocks. The File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) [5], based on ALC protocol, with the extension to be used in any type of transmission channel (unidirectional or not), offers metadata which complete the image signal itself (eg. name file, codec, etc.). 1.3 Type of data Depending on the temporal type of data, we can make differences between data: local, global and historical data. According to their use they can be divided into transmission and support data. Local data refer to data that are relevant only for the duration of the sport while the overall data are known or can be used as they are of interest throughout the competition. Historical data show the records and relevant facts for each sport event. Thus, they are compared with the aggregated data to see which of these are considered candidates to join the historical data for the following event. The emission data are to be used directly for the generation of graphics during the sport performance while the rest is used by the commentators throughout the event. Either of these two types of data fall into any local groups, global and historical data. The priority in the transfer and data integrity is the highest because of the use being made of them both for certification stations as well as commentators. The certification costs of programs or data presentation to the commentators are very low compared to the cost of the emissions and production. Poor qualifications of these events can result in the loss of return on investment as the audience decreases. When a data occurs from any of the sports facilities, communication is extremely important so as to pass this information to the graphics stations for incorporating labels on the image and further use this information by commentators. Depending on the nature of the data, it
4 will be important to go beyond the local dimension of the sport event and be transferred to the headquarters for later distribution. As seen (see Figure1), for the video link between two points, usually unidirectional data links used to transmit the charge transport stream. 2. PROPOSED SYSTEM The system is based on the use of existing video contribution and distribution on MPEG2 and DVB between the different installations, facilities and broadcasters involved in the broadcasting of major sporting events. These communications are usually fiber or links between the stadiums and the IBC and satellite for content distribution. A short description of communications in IP over DVB can be found in (10). 2.1 File Transfer From each of the venues where the events are organized, the data will be packaged in XML files for transmission between different sites. We can distinguish three types of information transfer: Contribution of data from the stadiums to the IBC. It can be regarded as a kind of a one-to-one transmission on video contribution links with very low error rates. In this case, NORM(4) protocol is applied so that it will not perform retransmissions until it receives a NACK. With such a limited number of receivers and a very safe link, it gets a better answer than FLUTE or ALC, usually 2 or 3 recipients will require the data on destination. Distribution of data to broadcasters. For the distribution of data both to commentators and broadcasters, a distribution of one-tomany over radio networks, VoIP, etc. is considered. These networks can be considered to have an error rate greater than the video link so that the FLUTE protocol has been applied as it has better answers and services for distribution of data to many receivers. Global Distribution of data. Distribution of the data generated in the competition to the broadcasters headquarters. These links are often on a satellite network with streaming MPEG2 encapsulated in DVB-S, a reference to the DVB can be found in [6] and [7]. As these networks have a large error rate and the communication is one-to-many, the FLUTE protocol is used as stated previously. In [8] there is a brief description of services that can be found at present in DVB satellite links. It is possible to incorporate encryption algorithms for the data associated with this transmission [9]. 2.2 Distribution and filtering of content. The files to be transmitted will be given an XML structure for a better adaptation of the different results to current technologies; this will provide a stream of data on the video stream. The system should filter and postprocess the contents to inject the required data to each of the transport stream programs. XSLT is a programming language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents or into different ones. The most important features of XSLT are: It requires a XML input file at least. Parts of the input document are available through the use of XML path. The conversion of the input document into other documents is defined with XSLT-Stylesheet. Figure 5. Generating multiple XML files
5 Figure 5 shows the scheme for distributing data to each program to be fed. Entries to XSLT are, on the one hand, the documents generated in each of the sporting events in XML format and, on the other, the XSLT in which rules are defined to be applied to the data. The output of the processor can be XML files or the type of file needed for applications that depend on each program or output lines. These data will be injected into each of the programs in the transport stream. The principle of the transformation that takes place in the processor is: The XML inputs are databases. XSLT defines the type of data that has to go on a program. An XSLT processor is required for each program. The processor reads each entry document generating files in accordance with the rules that have been defined in the input XSLT. XSLT has the functionality necessary to manage complex processing requirements and provides great flexibility to the system, since the output data, as well as its configuration, can be modified easily by just changing the XSLT document. There is no need to recompile the program as the document is read at runtime. 2.3 File One of the most repeated discussions over time among broadcasters is that on the file philosophy to be implemented in each company. A part of these discussions is to file the material and / or without graphics as the images are often labeled as "dirty", though they provide information on test data. Clean images are ideal because they are easy to reuse. When an image is labeled it is more difficult to re-post another in case there may be problems with the different composition among labels. The images are stored without the graphic signs so that the signal file is not spoilt and reusing is made easy, but with the data from the transport stream to reach the station via the protocol Flute discussed earlier. A direct transfer between the two systems, would be perfect for transferring pictures from the event origin to the central offices of the broadcaster. However, each broadcaster has a standard of production that may not be the same as the source where images were generated, and the service provider cab supply the content in a file, streaming or both, so that it is necessary to have the two alternative means of supporting facilities: Transfer-Trascoding. Images are sent as a MPEG2 file transfer, so the destination station will need to trasencode these images to the working format of the station. Coding-Decoding. The signal comes in streaming and the different televisions turn the signal flow into base band so that it can then encode its output format. In Figure 6 we can see how the data packets generated in the stadiums are delivered to the IBC and then distributed via satellite to television stations which have different allowances. All the way the data go together with the video except in the filtering and distribution. Every TV station may have different formats and production speeds (eg. MPEG 2-50 Mbps, 50Mbps, DVCPRO, JPEG200, etc.). Figure 6.Distribution of video and data. The power supply of information systems for commentators from the video signal could be feedback from itself with the possibility of configuring simple visual and even searching applications, with data being stored locally as they arrive. Through back channels, users could have the possibility of programming for their transport stream the data it needs from each sport, or even of getting the results that are being achieved by certain athletes, while they can set warnings or alarms just as a particular race starts. The broadcasters could use the encapsulation of data in the video frame to send the results of different events to their coverage country and to create from its central, automated applications for different media. As the data are in XML, the integration with websites, mobile phones or interactive television is immediate.
6 3. CONCLUSIONS This paper has set forth a data flow that benefits from the robustness and speed provided by the existing infrastructure in the major events of the type of games. The benefits will come from several sources: Timing of data between different locations, the data do not have to go through the different network nodes. Savings in communications channels for a large redundancy in the way of data to the IBC and the IBC for broadcasters. Better use of the file, since simultaneous recording of the image clean and labeled is not required. Better service to the broadcaster, both in situ and at its headquarters. Potential applications have been found that can be automated and allow a return of the cost of acquiring the rights of holding the event. 4. REFERENCES [1] ISO/IEC , Information Technology-Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information, Part 1 : System, April [2] Neumann, C., Roca, V., and Walsh, R Large scale content distribution protocols. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 35, 5 (Oct. 2005). [3] M. Luby, J. Gemmell, L. Vicisano, L. Rizzo, and J. Crowcroft. Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) protocol instantiation, Dec Request For Comments [4] B. Adamson, C. Bormann, M. Handley, and J. Macker. Negative-acknowledgment (NACK)-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Protocol, Nov Request For Comments [5] T. Paila, M. Luby, R. Lehtonen, V. Roca, and R. Walsh. FLUTE - File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport, Oct Request For Comments [6] U. Reimers, DVB The Family of International Standards for Digital Video Broadcasting, Proc. IEEE, vol. 94, no. 1, pp , Jan [7] U. Reimers, DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting), Springer Verlag Berlin, 2nd Edition [8] Bürklin, H., Schäfer, R., and Westerkamp, D DVB: from broadcasting to ip delivery. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 37, 1 (Jan. 2007), [9] L. Liang, H. Cruickshank, Z. Sun, C. Kulatunga, G. Fairhurst, TESLA with FLUTE over Satellite, Int. Conf. Communications (ICC), Beijing, China, [10] Bürklin, H., Schäfer, R., and Westerkamp, D DVB: from broadcasting to ip delivery. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 37, 1 (Jan. 2007).
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