SMALL HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS: A Most Efficient Contribution to Renewable Energy.

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1 SMALL HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS: A Most Efficient Contribution to Renewable Energy. Joachim Binder KELAG Kärntner Elektrizitäts AG, A 9020 Klagenfurt, Arnulfplatz 2 Hydropower is today the most important kind of renewable and sustainable energy. The technology has reached a very high standard; usually there are no technical problems to build hydroelectric power plants. Depending on the geographic situation small hydropower is not only interesting for central Europe. Small hydroelectric power plants may be an efficient local solution for the energy supply in developing countries. The advantages of renewable energy concluded with the aspects of environmental protection may be transfered to any site of the world. Nature preservation laws and the economic situation make it more and more difficult to build new hydroelectric power plants. Although people begin to recognize the advantages of hydropower, often local political interests try to prevent even small hydro power projects. Nevertheless, all still existing possibilities for the economically construction of small hydroelectric power plants should be used in the future. The uncertain situation on the electricity supply market and the decreasing prices for electrical energy prevented investments in hydropower projects by big energy suppliers. Only some private investors have had built small hydroelectric plants during the last years. Kelag Consulting was responsible for the engineering during the planning and construction period of several small hydropower projects. This unit describes experiences and advantages of such small plants as a contribution for renewable energy in harmony with nature and environmental protection. Small hydroelectric power plants generate ecologically clean and renewable electrical energy To produce electrical energy in small hydroelectric powerplants is a most efficient contribution to renewable energy. In Austria 7,5 percent of the total electrical power needed in our country are generated in an environmental friendly way in small hydroelectric power plants. The latest amendment of the ElWOG (power management and organisation law) shall support them in Austria. The ElWOG provides, that every final customer households, authorities, railways, commerce and industry equally has to prove that eight percent of the bought electrical energy come from domestic small hydro power stations. A system of buying and selling of special certificates for small hydroelectric power plants will regulate the power market in the future. Small power producers and even companies who generate more than eight percent in small hydropower stations will be enabled to sell their certificates to other suppliers not reaching the limit value of eight percent. 1

2 Although the value of these certificats and the available price for the kwh generated in a small hydroelectric power plant is still unknown, the new regulations by the latest amendment of the ElWOG may be a chance for the survival of small power producers. It also may move private investors and even big suppliers to have small hydroelectric power plants built during the next years. Small hydro power plants Previously the definition of small hydroelectric power plants differed in the Austrian federal states. In Carinthia, for example, power generators with maximally 4 MW were identified as small hydropower stations; in Vorarlberg this limit was restricted to 2 MW. From the year 2000 on the limit value of 10 MW is valid throughout Austria. Nevertrhless, the new regulations by the ElWOG do not correspond to the uniform definition of the limit value of 15 MW for small hydropower throughout Europe. In Austria GWh are generated in small hydroelectric power plants with a performance less then 10 MW. About GWh are produced in small plants with a capacity between 5 and 10 MW. Concerning the average annual consumption of kwh of a private household, the domestic small hydroelectric power plants supply more than one million Austrian families with renewable, environmental friendly and sustainable electric energy. Consumption and generation of electrical energy in carinthia , Mio kwh ,7 424,2 115,8 51,5 1335,8 393,3 Annual consumption of electrical energy in Carinthia KELAG sold about GWh to customers in the year The biggest part 42 percent was alloted to industry, followed by private customers with 26 percent and economy with 13 percent. The rest was delivered to agriculture, other customers and energy suppliers. 2

3 With the own hydroelectric power plants of Kelag and their shares of hydroelectric power plants, which are owned by other companies about 68 percent of our sold electrical energy is a renewable, sustainable and environment protecting energy. A part of the remaining 32 percent which KELAG has to buy from bigger suppliers is still produced in hydro power plants. Nevertheless, probably a great part of energy thereof still is produced in steam and nuclear power plants. Bezugsrechte 42% Fremdstrombezug 32% KW Gruppe Fragant KW Koralpe 2% Stromerzeugung der restl. KELAG-Kraftwerke 9% 15% Generation and supply of electrical energy in Carinthia In Carinthia 236 GWh about 8 % of the consumption of GWh in the year 1999 were generated in small hydroelectric power plants, smaller than 10 MW. KELAG is the owner of 51 hydro power plants; 4 of them are bigger than 10 MW, 34 plants are even smaller than 3 MW. Hydroelectric powerplants > 10 MW Hydroelectric powerplants < 10 MW KW Gruppe Fragant 323 MW KW Koralpe 50 MW KW Freibach 17 MW KW Schütt 14 MW KW Kamering 9,1 MW KW Gößnitz 8,0 MW KW Fraß 4,8 MW KW Bärental 3,7 MW KW Kaningbach 3,6 MW 34 small power plants < 3,0 MW Capacity 404 MW Production 684 GWh Capacity 58 MW Production 236 GWh KELAG - hydropower plants 3

4 Building of small hydroelectric power plants A revival in building new small hydroelectric power plants started in the late seventies of the past century. The legislator promoted the development of small hydro power by establishing relatively high tariffs according to the Verbundtarif an official regulated price system - in the most federal states of Austria. The big energy suppliers had to buy the electrical energy with the regulated rates from small generators even in those days when they needed no more energy or when the market price was much less than the Verbundtarif. In this period it was very interesting and economic for firms and even private investors to build small hydroelectric power plants for their own supply with electrical energy and to sell that part of electrical power, which was not used by themselves, to the public supplier with a good price. Nature preservation laws made it more and more difficult to build hydroelectric power plants in the following years. The conditions caused by the different laws became from year to year more difficult. The procedure to get the legal approval takes a long time today. The comprehensive planning and detailed investigations ordered by the authority causes high costs in the beginning of a hydropower project, even in a period when it is uncertain to get any legal permission for the construction of the hydroelectric power plant. Kelag erected several small hydroelectric power plants within the last twenty years. Some plants were built by small companies formed by Kelag and private investors too. In every case Kelag was responsible for the project management and the engineering part is still responsible for the operation of these power plants. The uncertain situation on the electricity supply market and the decreasing prices for electrical energy prevented investments in hydropower projects by big suppliers during the last years. Starting with the liberalisation of the energy market in the EU even private investors became unnerved and reduced their investments or delayed the planning period of their projects. The new regulations by the ElWOG concerning the certificates for small hydropower plants with a capacity less than 10 MW may change the present situation. Uprating and Refurbishment The renovation of hydropower plants is very important in the view of landscape- and environmental protection. Hydropower plants are still working longer than fifty years or more without an afford of complete refurbishment. Today there are many small hydropower plants, built in the first part of the 20 th century, generating electrical energy. The renovation of the civil engineering objects enables the owner to increase the capacity and the generation of electrical energy by upgrading the electric and machinery equipment. Not only the installation of new turbines or generators with a higher performance are responsible for a more economical solution. The use of new materials for the construction of the penstocks and sometimes also a bigger diameter of the used pipes optimizes the hydraulic performance of the plant. 4

5 Penstocks - classic system If it is necessary to construct a new penstock the pipes generally are layed and mounted underground today. This is a great advantage for the landscape and the environment. KELAG developed this system of underground - penstocks in the sixties of the past century and used it even for the construction of big hydropower plants. Penstock - underground type 5

6 Penstock - underground type The construction of underground type penstocks return the landscape similar to its former outlook. The constructions of the penstock disappear below the surface and the area may be used for agriculture, streets, etc. Old power houses often are protected by law as a monument. The renovation of the building has to take care of the maintainance of the original status. The machinery and electrical equipment is full automated and remote controlled. The instrumentation and control for the turbines and dam sluices can be remote operated via a modem which reduces labour costs. The renovated power house Forstsee - the first pumpstorage power plant in Carinthia 6

7 The refurbishment of hydropower plants sustains an old by a new one without greater additional environmental impacts. Today the amount of the residual water masses in the stream bed is a main topic of environmental protection. Old hydropower plants generally had no order to leave any residual water in the used part of the river. The refurbishment of the buildings often provides to leave a certain part of the water in the bed of the river today and to install fish passing constructions at the dam. The refurbishment and upgrading of hydropower plants is a possibility to increase the environmental protection as well as the economic efficiency. Decentral solutions In remote regions especially in the mountains small hydroelectric power plants support the local electric net. The electric power is generated environmental friendly with renewable energy where the electrical energy is consumed. Sometimes the erection of new circuit lines or lines with a higher voltage and transformer and switching stations can be avoided. In the alpine countries many shelters are supplied by micro hydroelectric power plants for lighting and heating purposes today. In former days these houses had either no electrical power or produced it with diesel generators in a not very environmental friendly way. Today there are no noise and no exhaust fumes, emission of CO 2, dust or other pollution substances due to the generation of electrical power at these sites. Even an advantage for developing countries In the EU the average per capita consumption of electrical power is about kwh a year. In the southern States the demand for electricity is much less, for example in Greece about kwh a year. Developing countries, especially regions without industry often have a consumption of only some hundred kwh per capita a year. Usually the electrical power is produced by diesel generating sets. This procedure for generating electrical energy is not very economically and not environmental friendly. The supply with renewable electrical energy produced with hydropower may be an economic and practical solution for the local situation. For example Kelag Consulting was invited by Geoconsult Asia, Taiwan, to join a fact finding mission to investigate the possibilities for the construction of a small hydroelectric power plant in the province of Antique of the island Pandan in the Philippines. This was the first step before starting a feasibility study which will be completed probably within the next months. In this case it is possible to supply a region with about inhabitants with clean, renewable energy produced with hydropower. Environmental aspects The protection of our environment plays an important role in the society today. It is a mistake to think that our brooks and rivers are affected due to small hydroelectric power stations. The major share of damage is caused by a hydraulic engineering that postulated a linear and hard regulation of natural stream beds in the past. It s also a wrong opinion to think that every brook in the mountains will be destroyed when we are going on to build small hydroelectric power plants in the future. Especially the construction of small units with a capacity less than 7

8 10 MW enables us to protect the landscape and the living area of the flora and fauna much better than in former days due to large construction sites. Intake structure at a mountain brook Today the buildings are optimal integrated into the landscape. Some constructions like the penstocks are built underground and due to sufficient residual water masses in the stream bed man often does not know that a hydroelectric power plant is still existing there when he visits a river or small mountain lake. Radegund power station beside an old chapel 8

9 If Austria wants to reach the goals set at the World Climate Conference and to contribute to relieve the athmosphere it has due to the given possibilities to continue to promote hydro power. Today large hydropower plants are ecological very difficult to realize. The more important is therefore the role of small hydroelectric power plants. KW Koralpe reservoir, a nice mountain lake Many reasons for electrical energy generation by hydro power We agree to electrical energy generated with hydro power, for... Hydro power is recognized as the most ecological kind of producing electrical energy. Hydropower contains all, that an alternative energy requires: renewable, clean, environmental friendly and economical. The construction of new hydroelectric power plants helps us to decrease the dependence on nuclear energy and to avoid the consumption of energy from steam power plants burning coal or oil. The local use of the renewable energy hydro power for the public good is still not exhausted in our country The consumption of electrical energy is inspite of all efforts to save energy increasing. Hydro power is extremely durable; hydro power plants often get 80 years old without need of a complete renovation. 9

10 We shall build small hydro power plants for example a unit with about 3 MW for... Electrical energy is generated decentrally and covers the increasing consumption of energy in a region. The electrical energy consumption of about 3000 households or buildings is produced with sustainable, renewable energy. The burning of 2,4 million litres of oil can be avoided. There are no exhaust fumes and the emission of about tons CO 2 as well as dust and other pollution substances is avoided. A sustained increase in value is going on. All investments are in favour of the local economy. Kelag Kärntner Elektrizitäts Aktiengesellschaft is the local energy supplier in Carinthia, the most southern federal state in Austria. The company belongs with 63,85 percent to the federal state, with 35,12 percent to the Verbund-gesellschaft, with 1,00 percent to private investors (most of them are employees of Kelag) and with 0,03 percent to some Carinthian cities. The turnover is about 365 million ; employees are working at Kelag company. Our business is in Electrical energy Natural gas District heating Telecommunication and 0,9% 9,2% 6,3% 83,7% Turnover in 1999 Strom Erdgas Wärme Telekomunikation Consulting. Kelag Consulting, especially the civil engineering department was re-sponsible for the project management and the engineering during the planning and construction period of several small hydroelectric power plants within the last years. 10

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