Chapter 16: Vietnam War

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1 Chapter 16: Vietnam War

2 1954 U.S. gives money to South Vietnam 1960 Kennedy elected president 1963 JFK assassinated, Lyndon B. Johnson takes over for JFK 1964 Johnson is reelected, Gulf of - Timeline Tonkin Resolution passed 1965 U.S. troops go to Vietnam 1968 Nixon elected 1969 Nixon begins to withdraw troops 1970 Kent State shooting 1973 U.S. leaves Vietnam

3 Key Vocabulary Ngo Dinh Diem leader of South Vietnam French Indochina Vietnam was part of a French colony from 1880-WWII Ho Chi Minh communist leader of North Vietnam, organized the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) Domino theory the idea that countries would fall to communism if nearby countries were communist

4 Viet Cong an American slang term for Vietnamese Communists Ho Chi Minh Trail a network of paths that allowed the communists to move supplies through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam Cuban Missile Crisis threat of nuclear attack by Russia from Cuba, JFK was able to avoid the attack and prove himself as a leader Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave the president the power to use military force without Congress approval

5 Escalation increasing military involvement in Vietnam William Westmoreland the commander of U.S. forces that constantly asked for more U.S. troops Guerrilla warfare surprise attacks by small groups of military, very effective strategy for the Viet Cong Napalm jellied gasoline fire bombs, very sticky and burned for a long time Agent Orange chemical plant killer, caused long term problems for U.S. troops and locals

6 Tet offensive a surprise attack by Vietnamese troops during the New Year celebration of Tet My Lai massacre U.S. troops shot unarmed men, women, and children in the small town of My Lai Doves people who were against war Hawks people who supported war Richard Nixon elected president in 1968, promised to bring an honorable end to the war in Vietnam

7 Vietnamization U.S. Slowly leaving and allowing the South Vietnamese soldiers to fight the war on their own Cambodia secret bombings ordered by Nixon in Cambodia were meant to stop the supplies along the Ho Chi Minh Trail Twenty-sixth Amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 years old, soldiers were mad that they could be drafted but not vote War Powers Act a law that limits the president's power to make war, must ask Congress first

8 Roots of Vietnam War During French rule, the French exported their rice and rubber, leaving Vietnamese without land or money - several revolts were staged against the French Ngo Dinh Diem was the leader of South Vietnam and was disliked by his people because he was very rich and they were poor In 1930, Ho Chi Minh gained power and formed the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) U.S. felt threatened by communism in Vietnam

9 Domino Theory President Truman and Eisenhower both followed a policy of containment trying to keep communism in (like water in a bottle) The United States got involved in Vietnam because of their fear of communism spreading

10 Dividing North and South Vietnam Viet Minh defeat the French at a major battle and meet in Geneva Switzerland to make a peace agreement Geneva Accords are signed, which splits North and South Vietnam temporarily at the 17 th parallel, which is called the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in the DMZ, guards are there to prevent any fighting at the border Ho Chi Minh became the communist leader of North Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem became the unpopular leader of South Vietnam

11 Kennedy Deals with Communism 16,000 + U.S. soldiers in Vietnam Bay of Pigs invasion went horribly wrong Soviet Union threatens to close access to West Berlin Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crisis was handled well

12 Power Shifts Diem was unpopular and not following U.S. instructions to set up a democratic gov't Kennedy ordered a military coup to overthrow Diem, but specifically asked that he not be killed he was killed anyway Three weeks later JFK was assassinated (unrelated) and Lyndon B. Johnson took over Johnson had the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed and increased U.S. involvement in Vietnam (escalation)

13 Soldiers and Vietnam William Westmoreland was the U.S. commander in Vietnam His average soldier was only 19 years old, served a one year tour (officers only served six month tours), and were very inexperienced Vietnam was a different war than any other war American has fought in a jungle, no front line, enemies not in uniform, guerrilla warfare

14 U.S. Fights Back Napalm and Agent Orange were used to strip the jungle of all trees and brush to make the Viet Cong easier to find Both of these weapons were harmful to innocent civilians, Agent Orange led to cancer and diseases in Vietnamese people and U.S. soldiers that were exposed Search and Destroy missions were another way to find Viet Cong, but many innocent civilians were killed during these missions

15 U.S. Morale Drops The Tet Offensive was a surprise attack by the Viet Cong on the Vietnamese New Year celebration known as Tet Over 200 cities were attacked, teachers, doctors, priests, gov't officials, and soldiers were killed, the attack was the turning point in the war the U.S. decided to get out of it My Lai massacre in 1968 also dropped U.S. morale when unarmed civilians were rounded up and shot by U.S. troops under the lead of William Calley, Jr.

16 Antiwar Movement Doves and hawks were constantly arguing and protesting about the U.S. being involved in the Vietnam War At Kent State University in Ohio, a student protest turned deadly when the National Guard fired into the crowd 4 dead, 12 wounded Draft dodgers were people that felt the draft was unfair and tried to avoid getting selected for war, many enrolled in college to escape it

17 Vietnam War Ends for the U.S. Nixon won the 1968 presidential election and promised to bring an honorable end to the war in Vietnam He planned to train the South Vietnamese soldiers to take over the fighting and bring all of the U.S. soldiers home (vietnamization) In 1973, Nixon secretly began bombing the Ho Chi Minh trail in Cambodia which made Americans very upset, but also brought the last troops out of Vietnam

18 Legacy of Vietnam War After the U.S. left South Vietnam, the communists in North Vietnam took over and 173,000 South Vietnamese fled to the U.S. The 26 th Amendment was passed in 1971, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 The War Powers Act was also signed, which limited the presidents power to go to war it stated that the president must report to Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops rather than 30 days

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