Hacker Techniques, Tools, and Incident Handling

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1 Hacker Techniques, Tools, and Incident Handling PEARSON Custom Publishing ULB Darmstadt illlllluiiiiiiiii

2 CONTENTS Introduction About the Book Conventions Used in the Book xv xvii Chapter 1 Introduction to Hacking 1.1 Basics of Hacking Techniques Hacker Communities Evolution of Hacking Classes of Hackers Hacker Motivations Hacker Mindset Ethics of Hacking Need for Ethics Ethical Issues of Information Technology Ethical Issues of Hacking Ethical Hacking and System Security Hacking Techniques Common Hacking Techniques Common Hacking Scenarios Information Warfare Threats of Information Warfare Cyberterrorism 1.19 Summary 1.20 Chapter 2 Password Cracking 2.1 Introduction Cryptography Encryption Algorithms 2.5

3 2.2 Password Stealing Dictionary Attacks Brute-Force Attacks Observation Social Engineering Sniffing Methods Password-File Stealing Password Crackers Crack John the Ripper LOphtCrack Telnet-Brute Thunk 2.27 Summary 2.29 Homework Exercises 2.32 Lab Exercises 233 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Chapter 3 TCP/IP Vulnerabilities 3.1 Introduction to TCP/IP Data Encapsulation IP TCP Connection Setup and Release TCP Timers Vulnerabilities in TCP/IP TCP SYN Attacks IP Spoofing Connection Hijacking RIP Attacks ICMP Attacks Securing TCP/IP 3.16 Summary 3.18 Chapter 4 Sniffers 4.1 Introduction to Sniffers Commercial Sniffers Underground Sniffers Components of a Sniffer 4.4 IV

4 4.1.4 Placement of a Sniffer Sniffer Operation Concept of a MAC Address Data Transfer over a Network Role of Sniffer on a Network Sniffer Programs Ethereal Tcpdump Snort Network Monitor Gobbler ETHLOAD Esniff. : Dsniff Sniffit Sunsniff Linux sniffer Sniffer Pro Detecting a Sniffer Ping Method Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Method Reverse Domain Name System (DNS) Lookup Method Source-Route Method Decoy Method Commands Latency Method Time Domain Reflectometers (TDR) Method Protecting Against a Sniffer Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) and Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/M1ME) Secure Shell (SSH) 4.34 Summary 4.35 Homework Exercises 4.37 Lab Exercises 4.39 Exercise! 4.39 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Chapter 5 Spoofing 5.1 Overview Spoofing and Trust Relationship Consequences of Spoofing Economic Loss 5.7

5 5.2.2 Strategic Loss General Data Loss Types of Spoofing Blind Spoofing Active Spoofing IP Spoofing ARP Spoofing Web Spoofing DNS Spoofing Spoofing Tools Apsend Aicmpsend Ettercap ARP Poisoning 5.22 Summarv 5.23 Chapter 6 Session Hijacking 6.1 Introduction TCP Session Hijacking TCP Session Hijacking: Hacker's Point of View TCP Session Hijacking with Packet Blocking Route Table Modification ARP Attacks TCP Session-Hijacking Tools Juggernaut Hunt UDP Hijacking Protection from Session Hijacking Encryption Storm Watching 6.25 Summarv 6.26 Chapter 7 Hacking Networking Components 7.1 Introduction k Firewalls Limitations of Firewalls Types and Methods of Firewall Attacks Proxy Servers Types of Attacks Routers Types of Attacks 7.15 VI

6 7.5 VPNs Threats Through VPN Methods to Safeguard the Network from Attacks Through VPNs 7.18 Summary 7.20 Homework Exercises 7.22 Lab Exercises 7.23 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Chapter 8 Trojan Horses 8.1 Introduction to Trojan Horses Evolution of Trojan Horses Workings of Trojans Trojans Attached to a File Trojans Created by Code Tampering Key-Logging Trojans How Trojans Spread Infamous Trojans NetBus Sub Seven Back Orifice, AIDS util-linux Virus Droppers Detection and Prevention of Trojans Detection Trojan Detection Tools Prevention 8.20 Summary 8.22 Chapter 9 Denial-of-Service Attacks 9.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks Features of a DoS Attack Causes of DoS Attacks Types of DoS Attacks Flood Attacks TCPSYN SMURF Fraggle 9.12 VII

7 93 Software Attacks Ping of Death DNS Service Attacks Distributed Denial of Service DDoS Tools Prevention Prevention of DoS Attacks Prevention Methods 9.22 Summary 9.25 Homework Exercises 9.27 Lab Exercises 9.29 Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Chapter 10 Reconnaissance Methods 10.1 Introduction Reconnaissance Reconnaissance Methods Social Engineering Social Engineering Techniques Physical Intrusion Communication Media Countering Social Engineering Dumpster Diving Importance of Dumpster Diving Prevention of Dumpster Diving Internet Footprinting Web Searching Network Enumeration DNS-based Reconnaissance Network-based Reconnaissance Summary Chapter 11 Scanning Tools 11.1 Introduction Evolution of Scanners Functioning of Scanners Types of Scanning Scanners SATAN 11.8 VIII

8 SAINT : SAFEsuite Internet Scanner IdentTCPScan Nessus PortScan Plus nmap Strobe Blaster Scan Cheops Summary Homework Exercises Lab Exercises Exercise 1.. Exercise 2. Exercise 3. Exercise 4. Exercise Chapter 12 Buffer Overflows 12.1 Introduction Concept of Buffer Overflow Types of Buffer Overflows Stack Overflow Heap Overflows Methods to Cause a Buffer Overflow Character-Set Decoding Nybble-to-Byte Compression Buffer Overflows: Detection and Prevention Detecting Buffer Overflow Preventing Buffer Overflow Summary Chapter 13 Programming Exploits 13.1 Introduction ActiveX Controls Vulnerabilities in ActiveX Controls Security Measures VBScript Vulnerabilities in VBScript Countering VBScript Vulnerabilities HTML Vulnerabilities in HTML IX

9 Countering HTML Vulnerabilities Java and JavaScript Java JavaScript Security Vulnerabilities in Java Vulnerabilities in JavaScript Countering Java and JavaScript Vulnerabilities Summary Homework Exercises Lab Exercises Exercise Exercise Exercise Chapter 14 Mail Vulnerabilities 14.1 Introduction SMTP Vulnerabilities The SMTP Model SMTP Vulnerabilities MAP Vulnerabilities Role of IMAP MAP Vulnerabilities Attacks Bombing Spamming Sniffing and Spoofing Attachments List Linking Protection Microsoft Outlook Express Vulnerabilities Starting a Recipient's Web Browser Starting a Recipient's Word Processor Starting a Recipient's Spreadsheet Starting a Recipient's Editor Passing Information about the Recipient to a Hacker Sending Sensitive Information from the Recipient's Computer Protection Summary 14.29

10 Chapter 15 Web Application Vulnerabilities 15.1 Web Application Vulnerabilities: An Overview Why the Web Is Vulnerable Web Server Vulnerabilities Weaknesses in Software or Protocol Design Weaknesses in System Software Unsecured Hardware Unsecured Network Weaknesses in Administration Tools Threats from Insiders Web Browser Vulnerabilities Cache File History File Bookmarks Cookies Location of Cache Browser Information Session ID Exploits Web Browser Protection Protection Against Web Application Vulnerabilities Securing the Operating System and the Web Server Monitoring the Server for Suspicious Activity Controlling Access to Confidential Documents Setting Up Remote Authoring and Administration Facilities Protecting the Web Server on a LAN Checking for Security Issues Summary Homework Exercises Lab Exercises Exercise Exercise Exercise Chapter 16 Windows Vulnerabilities 16.1 Introduction Windows Operating Systems Vulnerabilities in Windows 95/ Windows Logon Password Cache File Sharing Scripting Host Feature 16.7 XI

11 UPnP Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities in Windows NT 4.0/ Passwords Default Accounts File Sharing Windows Registry Trust Relationship Windows 2000 Event Viewer Buffer Overflow NBNS Protocol Spoofing RPC Service Failure SMTP Authentication Vulnerability Telnet Vulnerabilities IP Fragments Reassembly ResetBrowser Frame Vulnerability Summary Chapter 17 Linux Vulnerabilities 17.1 Introduction UNIX-based Operating Systems Linux Operating Systems Vulnerabilities from Default Installation Basic Exploits Login Passwords Bad System Administration Practices Unnecessary Services Utility Vulnerabilities r Utilities Sendmail Vulnerabilities Telnet Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Grofif Vulnerability Printing Vulnerability sudo Vulnerability Mutt Buffer Overflow The UseLogin Vulnerability of OpenSSH PAM Vulnerability wu-ftpd Exploits GID Man Exploit Squid Port Scanning Vulnerability Squid Denial of Service Summary Homework Exercises XII

12 Lab Exercises Exercise Exercise Exercise Chapter 18 Incident Handling 18.1 Introduction Need for Incident Handling Types of Incidents Phases of Incident Handling Preparing for Incident handling Formulating an Incident-Handling Policy Incident-Handling Team Identifying Incidents Systems and Network Logging Functions Detection Tools Reporting and Communicating Incidents Reporting the Incident Communicating the Incident Eradicating the Bug Correcting the Root Problem Identifying and Implementing the Steps to Fix the Problem Recovering from Incidents Phases of Recovery Following Up the Security Measures Identifying the Root Cause of the Problem Identifying Short-term and Long-term Changes Identifying Actions for any Unpredictable Incident Implementing the Learning Tracking Hackers Emergency Steps Important Emergency Steps : Summary Homework Exercises Lab Exercises Exercise Exercise Exercise Appendix Appendix A.1 XIII

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