The Weird Behavior of Cold Water Warren B. Van Camp
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1 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition The Weird Behavior of Cold Water Warren B. Van Camp Topic Effect of temperature and salinity on water Time 2 hours! Safety Please click on the safety icon to view the safety precautions. Extremely cold saltwater can cause frostbite. Materials 500-mL beaker or plastic jug with top cut off beam balance or other gram scale two small jars (6- or 8-oz jars will work best) two lab thermometers table salt two test tubes freezer food coloring ice cube tray eyedropper hammer 3-in. 2 5-in. index card two plastic bags stirring rod or plastic spoon towel Procedure PREPARATION 1. The night before you plan to perform the procedures, fill an ice tray with freshwater. Note the water level and mark it if possible. Place the tray in the freezer, and leave it overnight until all the water has turned to ice. On removing the tray from the freezer, note the water level again. Has anything happened? Take the ice cubes and place them in two plastic bags. Wrap this whole package in a towel and, using a hammer, crush the ice as finely as possible. 2. Measure out 10.5 g table salt. Add this to 300 ml room-temperature water in a beaker, and stir well until all the salt has dissolved. This water now contains the same concentration of salt as seawater. PART A 1. Fill both jars completely with room-temperature tap water. Be sure both jars of water are the same temperature. 2. Place 3 drops of food coloring, one at a time, on the surface of the water, filling one jar. Observe. After 1 min, stir the water so that the food coloring gives the water a consistent tint. 3. Place a 3-in. 2 5-in. index card over the mouth of the jar with colored water. Place the other jar on a tray or large plate in order to contain any spills. 4. Holding the index card in place over the mouth of the jar with colored water, carefully invert the jar on top of the other jar. Make sure the mouths of the jars are lined up (see figure 1).
2 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition Figure 1 jar filled with colored water index card jar filled with plain water tray 5. Carefully and slowly pull the card out from between the jars, making sure to keep the mouths lined up. Observe for several minutes. Record your observations on the data table. 6. Discard the water in both jars. 7. Repeat steps 4 to 6 with hot water in the bottom jar and colored room-temperature tap water on top. 8. Repeat with colored ice water (0 C; strain out all ice before using) in the top jar and clear room-temperature water in the bottom jar. Observe and record all observations on the data table. 9. Fill a jar with the saltwater solution you prepared. Make sure to reserve 15 ml saltwater for use later. Repeat steps 4 to 6 with the saltwater in the top jar and clear room-temperature water in the bottom jar. Observe very carefully, and record all observations. DATA TABLE Procedure Jars: colored, room-temp. water over clear, room-temp. water Jars: colored, room-temp. water over clear, hot water Jars: colored, icewater over clear, room-temp. water Jars: saltwater over clear water Part A Part B Observations Icewater: starting temperature lowest temperature (with salt) Part C Freezing temperature: tap water saltwater
3 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition PART B 1. Put 100 ml cold water in the 500-mL beaker. Add a handful of crushed ice. 2. Place the thermometer into the beaker; when it settles, take a reading of the ice water s temperature. Record the temperature on the data table. 3. Add 3 tbs of table salt. Using the stirring rod, not the thermometer, stir the mixture. 4. As the ice melts, keep adding more ice. Keep an eye on the thermometer, and add more salt when it settles. If the beaker gets filled with water, pour some off. 5. Keep adding ice and salt until the mixture settles at the lowest constant-temperature reading. Record the lowest temperature. PART C 1. Fill one test tube 1 2 full of the saltwater solution you made in Part A. 2. Fill a second test tube 1 2 full of tap water. 3. Place a thermometer in each test tube. When the temperature of both is at room temperature, or equal, place both test tubes in the iced saltwater bath, as shown in figure 2. Make sure the temperature of the bath is still at the lowest point it reached in Part B. 4. Record the temperature at which the water in each test tube freezes. Figure 2 thermometer test test tube tube ( 1 (1/2 2 full full tap tap water) test tube ((1/2 1 2 saltwater full water solution) solution) 500 ml 400 ml beaker (with iced salt water bath) 300 ml 200 ml 100 ml 5. A substance placed on top of water will float if it is less dense than the water, and will sink if it is more dense. What happened in each case tested in Part A? Explain your results in terms of changes in water density. 6. What effect does adding salt to water have on the density of the water? What effect does it have on water s temperature and freezing point? 7. What happened to the two test tubes in Part C, and why?
4 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition Considering both salinity and temperature, explain what happens to the water when a glacial river (extremely cold freshwater) empties into the Arctic Ocean (saltwater at the same temperature). 9. How would your answer differ if it were a cold river entering a warm tropical ocean? What s Going On Both jars filled with room-temperature tap water: The colored water in the top jar does not move at all at first. Slowly, as time goes by, there is observable movement as the water from the top and bottom jar combines. Both jars contain water of the same density. With hot, colored water in the bottom jar and room-temperature water in the top, the hot, colored water rushes upward into the top jar. This is because the hot water is less dense than the room-temperature water and therefore has the tendency to rise, while at the same time the cooler water is denser and so it sinks. The ice water will be seen to sink into the room-temperature water. It sinks much more quickly than the room-temperature colored tap water because it is denser. The saltwater is seen to stream downwards into the freshwater in the lower jar. This is because the addition of salt to the water has increased its density. We didn t color it because, if you observe carefully, the saltwater is seen as swirling patterns in the other water, and food coloring would make this harder to observe. Adding salt to water has the following results: It increases its density, because the ions that make up salt fill in spaces between water molecules. It lowers its temperature by using heat energy from the water to aid it in dissolving, and lowers its freezing point, because the molecules of salt prevent the molecules of water from coming together. In other words, they get in the way of the solidification process. Although you did not observe it in this experiment, salt also raises the boiling point of water. The test tube with saltwater took longer to freeze, and when it did, it was at a lower temperature than the freshwater. This happens because salt lowers the freezing point of water. Since an arctic ocean is very cold, the temperature of the glacial stream will not be very different from that of the ocean, so density due to temperature difference will have very little effect on the mixing of the water. However, the salinity of the ocean water increases its density. Glacial streams tend to float on top of the ocean as they slowly mix with the ocean water. Therefore, the arctic oceans are less salty than those of the tropics. A cold stream flowing into a tropical ocean would sink much more rapidly because the difference in density due to temperature would be greater than that due to salinity. In this experiment, you explored how temperature and salinity interact to affect the behavior of water. Connections Seventy percent of the earth s surface is covered with water. Conditions in the world s oceans, rivers, and lakes vary, depending on whether they contain saltwater or freshwater and according to climate and seasonal variations, especially temperature. Extraction of saltwater from seawater could become a great source of freshwater if desalination techniques were inexpensive and energy efficient. Currently, distillation seems to be the best method for desalination of water. Unfortunately, the current energy required is costly. A new look into using solar energy for desalination of water is now being explored and already used in countries where there is a warm climate.
5 Safety Precautions READ AND COPY BEFORE STARTING ANY EXPERIMENT Experimental science can be dangerous. Events can happen very quickly while you are performing an experiment. Things can spill, break, even catch fire. Basic safety procedures help prevent serious accidents. Be sure to follow additional safety precautions and adult supervision requirements for each experiment. If you are working in a lab or in the field, do not work alone. This book assumes that you will read the safety precautions that follow, as well as those at the start of each experiment you perform, and that you will remember them. These precautions will not always be repeated in the instructions for the procedures. It is up to you to use good judgment and pay attention when performing potentially dangerous procedures. Just because the book does not always say be careful with hot liquids or don t cut yourself with the knife does not mean that you should be careless when simmering water or stripping an electrical wire. It does mean that when you see a special note to be careful, it is extremely important that you pay attention to it. If you ever have a question about whether a procedure or material is dangerous, stop to find out for sure that it is safe before continuing the experiment. To avoid accidents, always pay close attention to your work, take your time, and practice the general safety procedures listed below. PREPARE Clear all surfaces before beginning work. Read through the whole experiment before you start. Identify hazardous procedures and anticipate dangers. PROTECT YOURSELF Follow all directions step by step; do only one procedure at a time. Locate exits, fire blanket and extinguisher, master gas and electricity shut-offs, eyewash, and first-aid kit. Make sure that there is adequate ventilation. Do not horseplay. Wear an apron and goggles. Do not wear contact lenses, open shoes, and loose clothing; do not wear your hair loose. Keep floor and work space neat, clean, and dry. Clean up spills immediately. Never eat, drink, or smoke in the laboratory or near the work space. Do not taste any substances tested unless expressly permitted to do so by a science teacher in charge. USE EQUIPMENT WITH CARE Set up apparatus far from the edge of the desk. Use knives and other sharp or pointed instruments with caution; always cut away from yourself and others. Pull plugs, not cords, when inserting and removing electrical plugs. Don t use your mouth to pipette; use a suction bulb. Clean glassware before and after use. Check glassware for scratches, cracks, and sharp edges. Clean up broken glassware immediately. v Facts On File, Inc.
6 vi Safety SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE REVISED EDITION Do not use reflected sunlight to illuminate your microscope. Do not touch metal conductors. Use only low-voltage and low-current materials. Be careful when using stepstools, chairs, and ladders. USING CHEMICALS Never taste or inhale chemicals. Label all bottles and apparatus containing chemicals. Read all labels carefully. Avoid chemical contact with skin and eyes (wear goggles, apron, and gloves). Do not touch chemical solutions. Wash hands before and after using solutions. Wipe up spills thoroughly. HEATING INSTRUCTIONS Use goggles, apron, and gloves when boiling liquids. Keep your face away from test tubes and beakers. Never leave heating apparatus unattended. Use safety tongs and heat-resistant mittens. Turn off hot plates, bunsen burners, and gas when you are done. Keep flammable substances away from heat. Have a fire extinguisher on hand. WORKING WITH MICROORGANISMS Assume that all microorganisms are infectious; handle them with care. Sterilize all equipment being used to handle microorganisms. GOING ON FIELD TRIPS Do not go on a field trip by yourself. Tell a responsible adult where you are going, and maintain that route. Know the area and its potential hazards, such as poisonous plants, deep water, and rapids. Dress for terrain and weather conditions (prepare for exposure to sun as well as to cold). Bring along a first-aid kit. Do not drink water or eat plants found in the wild. Use the buddy system; do not experiment outdoors alone. FINISHING UP Thoroughly clean your work area and glassware. Be careful not to return chemicals or contaminated reagents to the wrong containers. Don t dispose of materials in the sink unless instructed to do so. Wash your hands thoroughly. Clean up all residue, and containerize it for proper disposal. Dispose of all chemicals according to local, state, and federal laws. BE SAFETY-CONSCIOUS AT ALL TIMES Facts On File, Inc.
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