Section 2 Standards-Based Instruction
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1 Section 2 The Beliefs of Islam H-SS Trace the origins of Islam and the life and teachings of Muhammad, including Islamic teachings on the connection with Judaism and Christianity. H-SS Explain the significance of the Qur an and the Sunnah as the primary sources of Islamic beliefs, practice, and law, and their influence in Muslims daily life. Chronological and Spatial Thinking 1 Students explain how major events are related to one another in time. History Background Reading Preview Reading Skill Identify Sequence Signal Words You can use signal words to help you identify chronological sequence. These words include dates, time period descriptions, time verbs, and time descriptors. Use the Reading Skill lesson on page 64 to identify some of these signal words. Then, use these words to place events in time as you read the text. Background Knowledge According to Muslim belief, Islam is based on worship of the same God that inspired the Jewish and Christian religions. Muslims also honor the Jewish and Christian prophets. But they believe that Muhammad revealed the purest version of God s truth. In this section, you will learn more about the Islamic faith. Sacred Writings Muslims recognize the Jewish Torah and the Christian Gospels as holy books. But the most sacred text in Islam is the Qur an, the Muslim holy book. The Qur an For Muslims, the Qur an is the word of God. It is the record of the revelations to Muhammad over a period of 22 years. Those revelations began in a cave outside Mecca in the year 610. They continued for the rest of Muhammad s life, until his death in 632. Common Bonds In addition to the worship of one god (monotheism), Judaism, Christianity, and Islam consider Jerusalem to be a holy city. For Jews, it is the home of the Western Wall (Wailing Wall), the remains of the temple that was the center of Jewish worship until it was destroyed by the Romans in A.D. 70. For Christians, Jerusalem is where Jesus was crucified and High-Use Words issue (IHSH oo), p. 72 interpret (ihn TER pruht), p. 73 Key Terms and People Qur an (koo RAHN), p. 71 mosque (mahsk), p. 74 alms (ahmz), p. 75 fasting (FAST ihng), p. 75 pilgrimage (PIHL gruh mihj), p. 76 The two major holy sources of Islam are the Qur an and the Sunnah. Section 2 The Beliefs of Islam 71 where Christianity began. For Muslims, the city holds the Dome of the Rock, a shrine marking Muhammad s ascent into heaven. The religions also share traditions about the angel Gabriel (see p. 69). It was Gabriel who counseled the Jewish prophet Daniel and who announced that Mary would give birth to Jesus. Section 2 Standards-Based Instruction Standards at a Glance Students previously learned about the origins of Islam and Muhammad. This section focuses on Muhammad s major teachings and how they were recorded and passed on to the Muslim faithful, including the Qur an and the Sunnah. Students will explore key Islamic beliefs, practices, and law. Section Focus Question What are the major beliefs of Islam, as revealed in the Qur an and the Sunnah? Before you begin the lesson for the day, write the Section Focus Question on the board. (Lesson focus: There is one God, Allah. Human beings have free will, and the choices a person makes in this life affect what happens after death.) Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge Help students understand the concept of monotheism by reviewing the founding of Islam. Ask: Based on what you read in Section 1 and the link between Islam and Judaism and Christianity, what would you predict is the Muslim view of God? (There is but one God.) Set a Purpose Read aloud each statement in the Reading Readiness Guide. Ask students to mark the statements true or false. Reading Readiness Guide, p. 15 Have students discuss the statements in groups of two to four and then mark their worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads strategy (TE p. T38) to call on students to share their group s perspective. The students will return to these worksheets later. Chapter 3 Section 2 71
2 Teach Sacred Writings H-SS 7.2.2, Instruction High-Use Words Before teaching this section, preteach the high-use words issue and interpret, using the strategy on TE p. T35. Key Terms Following the instructions on p. 65, have students continue to preview key terms. Read Sacred Writings with students, using the Choral Reading strategy (TE p. T36). Ask: What are some topics that the verses of the Qur an discuss? (the nature of God; creation; the human soul; moral, legal, and family issues) Ask: What is the difference between the Qur an and the Sunnah? (The Qur an is the word of God, the revelations of God through Muhammad. The Sunnah refers to the words and actions of Muhammad.) At this point, assign the worksheet Words From the Qur an. Ask students to share their observations about why these words might have appealed to Muhammad s listeners. Words From the Qur an, p. 19 Independent Practice Have students begin to fill in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide. Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 3, Section 2 (Adapted version also available.) Monitor Progress issue (IHSH oo) n. problem or subject that people discuss The Qur an The Qur an is Islam s holiest text. Muslims believe that it contains the true word of God, revealed to the prophet Muhammad. When they pray (see inset), Muslims usually begin with the first lines of the Qur an. Critical Thinking: Evaluate Information Why do you think the pages of the Qur an are beautifully decorated? During his lifetime, Muhammad recited the words that had been revealed to him. His followers memorized the revelations and also wrote some of them down. The Qur an was compiled as a book in 651, nineteen years after Muhammad s death. It has remained largely unchanged since then. The Qur an consists of 114 chapters, each made up of verses. The verses discuss the nature of God, creation, and the human soul. They also address moral, legal, and family issues. Much of the language is highly poetic. Reciting the Qur an Muslims believe that because the Qur an is the word of God, it must be studied in its original language. As a writer on Islam explains, Muslims believe that the meaning of the Qur an is inseparable from the language in which it was revealed. Although there are interpretations of the Qur an in other languages, the true Qur an is in Arabic. Therefore Muslims everywhere, whatever their native tongue, recite the Qur an only in its Arabic original. John Sabini, Islam: A Primer As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure they understand how Muslims use the Qur an and how the Qur an differs from the Sunnah. Provide assistance as needed. Evaluate Information Possible answer: The artistry reflects a love for God and respect for God s word. 72 Chapter 3 Islam Universal Access L1 English Language Learners L1 Less Proficient Learners Reading About the Qur an Distribute the worksheet Ideas of the Qur an to students. Tell them they are about to read some of the ideas that Muhammad preached to his followers. Circulate in the room as students complete the worksheet. Assist students who have difficulty understanding the text. As you discuss the worksheet Ideas of the Qur an, ask students to join in the discussion. Ideas of the Qur an, p Chapter 3
3 Muslims treat the Qur an with great devotion. Some carry a copy with them wherever they go. They commit passages to memory. Parents recite the Qur an to their babies. And children get their first lessons in reading and writing from the Qur an. The Sunnah The other key source of Islamic thought is the Sunnah, or traditions of the prophet. The Sunnah refers to the words and actions of Muhammad himself. The Sunnah provides Muslims with guidelines for living a proper life. It also helps them interpret difficult parts of the Qur an. The Sunnah is based on accounts from people who knew Muhammad during his lifetime. They recorded his thoughts and actions in a collection of writings called the Hadith. The Hadith is the written record of the Sunnah. Many of these passages deal with Islamic law. Others promote moral or ethical concepts. Here are some examples: The one who eats his fill while his neighbor goes without food is not a believer. God does not look upon your bodies and appearances, He looks upon your hearts and your deeds. Hadith Because Muslims believe that God chose Muhammad as his prophet, they consider him a perfect model for their own behavior. By following the Sunnah, Muslims know they are being faithful to Islamic principles. interpret (ihn TER pruht) v. to explain the meaning of something Core Beliefs H-SS Instruction Have students read Core Beliefs. Remind students to seek clarification of any words or phrases they do not understand. Ask: What are the consequences of people s choices of good and evil behavior? (They wind up going to heaven or hell after death.) Ask: What are the Five Pillars of the Muslim faith? (declaration of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage) Ask: Which of the Five Pillars is part of everyday life for Muslims? (prayer and declaration of faith) Ask: Which of the Five Pillars is part of some days in the year for Muslims? (almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage) How were the teachings of Muhammad preserved? Core Beliefs Several core beliefs form the basis of Muslim life. The principal belief is the existence of one God, called Allah. God created the universe and all things in it. As the Qur an states: God is He who has raised the skies without support,...and subjected the sun and moon to His will.... He regulates all matters. Qur an 13:2 Islam is based on belief in one all-powerful God, Allah. There is only one God in Islam. And there is no human figure that represents God. Muhammad was a prophet, but he had no divine power himself. This belief sets Islam apart from Christianity, which recognizes Jesus as the Son of God. Section 2 The Beliefs of Islam 73 Geography Background Many Lands, One Language From Saudi Arabia to sub-saharan Africa to Indonesia to the United States, Muslims have a language connection that transcends national boundaries. Most Muslims throughout the world do not speak Arabic as their native language, and even the Muslims who live in the Middle East speak a variety of Arabic dialects. Muslims everywhere, however, learn standard Arabic phrases from the Qur an through memorization and worship activities. As a result, the language of the Qur an penetrates the languages of Muslims worldwide and serves as a unifying force. They were recorded by his followers in the Qur an, the Sunnah, and the Hadith. Chapter 3 Section 2 73
4 Instruction (continued) Display the History Interactive transparency Learn More About the Five Pillars of Islam. Discuss how the Five Pillars provide the foundation for Muslim life. Color Transparencies, The Five Pillars of Islam Ask: Why do you think that these religious duties are referred to as pillars? (They are supports of Islam; that is, they are a foundation of a Muslim s faith.) Seeing the Main Idea Prayer in Islam This picture of Muslims praying can help demonstrate the unifying nature of the Five Pillars of Islam. Ask students to describe what they think is happening in this picture. (Possible answer: A muezzin has called Muslims to prayer.) The Five Pillars of Islam The prophet Muhammad is reported to have said, Islam is based on five pillars. These Five Pillars, called arkan in Arabic, form the foundation of Muslim life. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions How do you think the Five Pillars help unite Muslims? Learn More About the Five Pillars of Islam Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: mxp Declaration of Faith There is no God but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God, reads the inscription on this tile. Muslims recite this declaration of faith to signify their submission to God and to the teachings of his prophet Muhammad. 2 Prayer Muslims pray five times a day. A Muslim may pray almost anywhere in a field, office, school, factory. The Soul and the Afterlife Muslims believe that each person has an individual and eternal soul. Everyone has the freedom to choose between good and evil. The choices a person makes in life affect what happens after death. Muslims believe in an afterlife spent either in heaven or in hell. On a future judgment day, God will judge mankind and decide who will be saved. Those who have not worshiped God or followed God s laws end up in hell. Those who have obeyed God s words and surrendered their lives to God go to heaven. In fact, the word Islam means surrender in Arabic. To be a Muslim means to surrender, or make a total commitment, to God. The Five Pillars Muslims also have five key religious duties. These duties are known as the Five Pillars. The first pillar is a declaration of faith that says: There is no God but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God. Muslims recite this phrase often as evidence of their faith. The second pillar is prayer. Muslims are expected to pray five times a day. In many parts of the Muslim world, a muezzin, 74 Chapter 3 Islam Universal Access Draw Conclusions Possible answer: The Five Pillars help provide a common experience and understanding of Islam for all Muslims. L3 Advanced Readers L3 Gifted and Talented Problem Solving Ask individuals or pairs of students to choose a problematic situation relating to daily life or religious duty. Have students find a translation of the Qur an in the library or on the Internet. Remind students that a translation is considered an interpretation of or commentary upon the Qur an, not the true Qur an, because it is not in Arabic. Have students find a passage in the Qur an that addresses the situation and write a brief summary of the problem and the qur anic solution to the problem. In a whole-class discussion, invite students to share their findings. 74 Chapter 3
5 Instruction (continued) Ask: Why do you think a pilgrimage might be difficult for some Muslims to make? (Possible answers: The trip might be expensive; some Muslims live far from Mecca; some may be old or sick.) Independent Practice Have students continue to fill in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide. (Adapted version also available.) Monitor Progress Tell students to fill in the last column of the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for what they learned that confirms or invalidates each statement. Reading Readiness Guide, p. 15 or prayer caller, announces the times of prayer from the tower of a mosque. A mosque is a Muslim house of worship. When they pray, Muslims kneel and face in the direction of Mecca. Often, they begin their prayers with the first lines of the Qur an: Praise be to God, The Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds: Most Gracious, Most Merciful; Master of the Day of Judgment. Thee do we worship, And thine aid we seek. Qur an 1:1 6 The third pillar of Islam is almsgiving, or charity. Alms are goods or money given to the poor or needy. It is the duty of all Muslims to share their wealth with those less fortunate. The fourth pillar is fasting during the month of Ramadan. Fasting means not eating or drinking for a period of time. Ramadan is the month in which Muhammad received his first revelation. During this month, Muslims are to eat no food between daybreak and sunset. Fasting tests Muslims submission to God. It also reminds them of the hunger of the poor. H-SS: C&ST 1 Identify Sequence Signal Words Describe the sequence of Muslim daily prayer. Identify the signal words that reveal this sequence. Section 2 The Beliefs of Islam 75 Assess and Reteach Assess Progress Have students complete Check Your Progress. Administer the Section Quiz. Section Quiz, p. 24 To further assess student understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparency. Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 3, Section 2 Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read this section in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and complete the accompanying question. Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 3, Section 2 (Adapted version also available.) L1 History Background Zakah The required giving of alms is known as zakah. Zakah is based on a Muslim s personal income and is paid at the end of each year. Zakah is not considered charity but, rather, a form of worship. Muslims believe that by offering zakah, they purify their remaining wealth. Zakah offerings are used to help other Muslims in need, as specified in the Qur an for example, new converts and very poor Muslims. According to Islam, this kind of help should occur at all times as the need arises, not just in the annual zakah. Reading Skill Prayer occurs at dawn, three times during the day, and in the evening. Signal words are five times a day, beginning at dawn, and ending in the evening. Chapter 3 Section 2 75
6 Extend Have students go online to complete the History Interactive activity, Learn More About the Five Pillars of Islam. Provide students with the Web Code below. For: Help in starting the Extend activity Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: mxp-2032 Section 2 Check Your Progress 1. (a) Muslims believe that the Qur an is the true word of God. (b) Since the Sunnah reflects the words and actions of Muhammad, it helps show Muslims how the Qur an should be interpreted. 2. (a) declaration of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage (b) s will vary. Students may suggest that the declaration of faith is the most basic and important pillar. 3. (a) 19 years after he died (b) in 651, nineteen years after Muhammad s death 4. Yes: A mosque is a Muslim house of worship. 5. No: Giving alms shows worship of God. Alms go to the needy, not to political or religious leaders. 6. No: Because of fasting, Muslims do not eat during daylight hours. 7. Yes: The fifth pillar requires all Muslims to go to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. 8. Students sentences should show at least one result of this belief. L3 Muslim Prayer Rug Muslims can pray anywhere, but they often gather in a mosque to recite their prayers. This prayer rug has a mosque design on it. Critical Thinking: Apply Information Why do you think the rug indicates the direction of Mecca? Section 2 Check Your Progress Comprehension and Critical Thinking 1. (a) Recall Why is the Qur an so important to Muslims? (b) Draw Conclusions What might the Sunnah add to the message of the Qur an? 2. (a) Recall List the Five Pillars of Islam. (b) Apply Information Which of the pillars is the most important for Muslims to observe? Explain. The fifth pillar is the pilgrimage, or hajj. A pilgrimage is a journey to a sacred place or shrine. The sacred destination for Muslim pilgrims is Mecca, the holy city of Islam. The Qur an requires every Muslim to make the hajj at least once, if possible. By bringing Muslims from all parts of the world together every year, the hajj strengthens the community of Islam. During the hajj, pilgrims take part in many rituals. The most important is the circling of the Kaaba. The Kaaba is a cubelike building, within which resides a sacred black stone. The Kaaba sits in the center of the courtyard of the Grand Mosque in Mecca. (See the photograph on page 63.) Muslims believe that the black stone was sent down from heaven in ancient times. Pilgrims circle the Kaaba seven times, hoping to touch or kiss the stone at least once. Over many centuries, the touch of pilgrims has worn the stone smooth. What is the importance of the Five Pillars of Islam? Looking Back and Ahead In this section, you have learned about the writings, beliefs, and practices of Islam. In the next section, you will learn about the expansion of the Islamic faith. H-SS: 7.2.2, 7.2.3; C&ST 1 Reading Skill 3. Identify Sequence Signal Words Reread the first paragraph, beginning During his lifetime, on page 72. (a) In terms of Muhammad s life, when were his revelations compiled in the Qur an? (b) What signal words tell you this? Read each sentence that follows. If the sentence is true, write yes and explain why. If the sentence is not true, write no and explain why. 4. Muslims attend religious services at a mosque. For: Self-test with instant help Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: mxa Giving alms allows Muslims to show support for political and religious leaders. 6. Because of fasting during Ramadan, Muslims eat a big meal at lunch. 7. All Muslims should make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Writing 8. Read the sentence below. Then, write a sentence that describes an effect. Muslims believe that the Qur an is the record of Muhammad s revelations from God. 76 Chapter 3 Islam s They are the religious duties that every Muslim is expected to observe. Apply Information Muslims are expected to face Mecca when they pray, so the niche points in the correct direction. Writing Rubrics Share rubrics with students before they write their sentence. Score 1 Sentence is incomplete or makes no point. Score 2 Sentence is vague or unclear. Score 3 Sentence makes a reasonable attempt to state one effect. Score 4 Sentence clearly states an effect that is logical and that is supported by the content of Section Chapter 3
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